Semester 2 Jameson terms

Nationalism

relationship between language community, land, and attributes of a people; a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Imperialism

domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region

Malaria

a disease usually spread by infected mosquitoes

Maximilien Robespierre

the leader of the bloodiest portion of the French Revolution, executed 40,000 traitors during the Reign of Terror, and his execution marked the end of the Terror

Thomas Hobbes

believed that people are born selfish and need a strong central authority to maintain order, justified absolutism, father of conservatism, didn't believe in revolutions

John Locke

supported Parliament English civil war, believed people were born reasonable, natural rights to life, liberty, property

John Stuart Mill

English philosopher and politician, believed the only limit to liberty is when harm is inflicted upon others

Communist Manifesto

book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production from the upper and middle classes

James Watt

added second condenser cylinder to Newcomen's engine to make it more efficient

Napoleon

French military general who seized power in rank, and reintroduced needed reforms, defeated foreign armies, and conquered a massive French empire

Waterloo

site of Napoleon's defeat by British and Prussian armies in 1815, which ended his last bid for power

Congress of Vienna

meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon

Thermidorian Reaction

reaction to the violence of the Reign of Terror in 1794, resulting in the execution of Robespierre

Jacobins

most radical political faction of the French Revolution who ruled France during the Reign of Terror

Levee en masse

law that obligated all French men between certain ages to enlist in the army

Urbanization

movement of people from rural areas to cities

Quinine

a drug used for fighting malaria and other fevers

Congo Free State

a large area in Central Africa that was privately controlled by Leopold II of Belgium

World War I

war between the allies and the central powers from 1914 to 1918, started after the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, highly deadly

World War II

war fought from 1939 to 1945 between the Allies and the Axis, involving most countries in the world

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo on a goodwill tour meant to establish better relations with the empire's south

Adolf Hitler

Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich, his regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews

Holocaust

elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled

Secularization

religion separate from other things

Interchangeable Parts

Identical pieces that could be assembled quickly by unskilled workers

Trade Union

organization of workers with the same trade or skill

Napoleonic Code

This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that reduced Catholic Church authority, religious toleration, and improved infrastructure

Martin Luther

1483-1546, German Augustinian monk, highly educated, frustrated by church corruption, nailed 95 Theses, founds a breakaway Christian church

Printing press

1440, helps spread Luthers ideas and hard to control by civil authorities

Indulgences

pardon sold by catholic church to reduce one's punishment

Thirty Years' War

1618-1648, ~10-12 million killed, started due to religious disputes, ethnic competition, and political weakness, major start after the Defenestration of Prague, ended with the Peace of Westphalia

French Wars of Religion

1562-1598, Huguenots vs. Catholics results in Henry of Navarre (Huguenot) taking the throne as Henry IV, caused by calvinism and catholicism, ended with the Edict of Nantes

Peace of Augsburg

1555, agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler

Defenestration of Prague

protestant nobles tossed the Holy Roman Empire's ambassadors put the window when they brought the message that Protestantism would no longer be tolerated - this event led to the start of the Thirty Years' war

Peace of Westphalia

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648

Oliver Cromwell

his army rounded the Presbyterians from parliament with whom the captured king was negotiating, ruled like an absolutist, allowed no political dissent, abolished the Rump, "Lord Protector"

English Bill of Rights

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689, served as a written legal basis for the independence of Parliament as a separate body that shared power with the rulers

Social contract

foundational agreement between individuals where some freedoms are given to a government or authority in exchange for security, safety and protection of remaining rights

Natural rights

inalienable; rights given to all people who are human - described by John Locke as life, liberty, and property which are all universal and can't be removed from a person

State of nature

concept in social contract theory identifying a societal condition without government, laws or civilized society

Separation of Powers

constitutional principle dividing government authority into 3 co-equal branches-legislative (passes laws), executive (leader and makes laws) and judicial (enforces and punishes based on these laws)

Lex Talionis

law of retaliation in which the punishment resembles the severity of the crime which was perpetrated by the criminal (eye for an eye)

Robert Boyle

(1627-1691) Boyle's Law- volume of a gas varies directly with pressure on the gas

Theory of gravity

All objects attract one another, written in Principia Mathematica by Isaac Newton in 1687

Theory of humors

The idea that the health of the human body is contingent on a careful balance of four bodily essences, each analogous to black bile, yellow bile, blood, and phlegm

Geocentric

Earth is fixed in place and spheres are embedded in the universe, and beyond the 10 spheres is God

Heliocentric

model in which the Sun is the center of the solar system; formed by Copernicus in 1543

Modernity/Modern period

transition from a traditional, deeply religious, and feudal society to a secular, industrialized, and urbanized world defined by science, individual rights, and the rise of the nation-state

Early modern period

characterized by rapid changes in every area of life

Scientific method

System for collecting and analyzing data: Observation-> Question-> Hypothesis-> Experiment-> Result-> Conclusion