Authoritarian States Flashcards

Lenin Economic Factors

Food Shortages + Treaty of Brest Litovsk (lost 34% of population and 54% of industrial land)
War Communism (1918-1921): Forced Grain requisition, prohibited farming for profit, collapse of industrial output by 50%

NEP (1921): Eased central control, allowed for peasants to sell surplus for profit

Lenin Social division

Hostility towards authority (tsar) for regressive policies and econ. struggle
Ideology: Liberalism/Marxism divided population along class lines, real wages in ‘17 were only 50% of pre-war Levels
Russififcation: Homo Sovieticus, created discounted w/in ethnic groups of empire

Lenin Impact of War

Ruso-Japanese: Russia defeated, led to the 1905 Revolution and Tsar Nicholas II accepting liberal reforms akin to a constitutional monarchy - Duma (but soon withdrawn - led to resentment)

WWI: 1917 Food Shortages and factory conditions worsen, leads to revolution and overthrowing the tzar

Civil War (1918-22): Radical policies imposed so Red Army could retain control, Bolsheviks form government, left population ready for strongman control

Lenin Political System

Distrust in OG gov: Tsar Nicholas II police force, indecisive, loss of support for Alexandra who was German by birth
Provisional Government (Feb-Oct 17) failed to meet people’s demands, leading to its downfall - overthrowing

Lenin’s return in April 17 + his theses brough radical bolsh influence to russia

Lenin Propaganda

Controlled Broadcasting in Moscow and Petrograd but only there, Pravda
New Species: Homo Sovieticus, promoted narrative of being greater
Repeated Slogans: Land, Peace, Bread + All Power to the Soviets

Lenin Persuasion and Coersion

Ideology (P) - April Theses, slogans, able to convince public to go along w/ his ideologies

Broadcasting (P) controlled petrograd and moscow, shaped public opinions

Dissolution of Constituent Assembly (Jan 18) (C) failed to win the majority of representatives, Lenin ordered its forceful dissolution

Lenin Role of Leaders

Ideologically Flexible: Adapted Marxism to fit Russian Conditions + prioritising seizing power over ideological purity (April Theses, NEP)

Repression of Opposition: Dissolution of Constituent Assembly, supported the use of the Cheka
Centralising Power: Encouraged dictatorship of the proletariat but fell in line w/ his policy of Democratic centralism, Took command during uncertain times and established himself as the clear leader of the Bolsh Party

Lenin Ideology

Proletariat Revolution/Dictator of the Proletariat: Popular among the people as they could regain a sense of power + April THeses (all power to the soviets

Vanguard Party Concept: Small disciplined party leading the revolution, democratic centralism fully centralising power

Lenin Use of Force

Red Terror (18-22): Executed abt 200k and the Romanovs in July ‘18, Concentration Camps (by Lenin;s death 300+), Purges and Show Trials (ie 1922 Moscow Clergy Show Trials)

Cheka: Formed Dec ‘17, grew to 200k by ‘21, violently suppressed rebellions like the Krondstadt Rebellion ‘21
Forceful dissolution of Constituent Assembly

Stalin Econ Factors

NEP: Attempt to revive economy via limited capitalism
Peasant Grain Requisition
Severe Famine in Rural Areas
Used Econ hardship to promote the need for centralised control and planning

Stalin Social Division

Political Division w/in Party: left vs right (STALIN COULD MANEUVER THIS)
Peasantry opposing grain requisition+Bolsh control
Bolsheviks seeming out of touch/disconnected from the struggle of the people (STALIN PORTRAYED AS ORDINARY)

Stalin Impact of War

RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR
Made Stalin paranoid - IMPORTANT FACTOR OF HIS
Widespread Violence normalised Authoritarian methods and made population more accepting of a strongman leader
Left country devastated Economically

Stalin Weakness of Political System

Centralised control of Bolshevik Party + Position of General Secretary in June ‘22
Democratic Centralism: Obedience of people to the authority of leaders
Split Between Leftists and Rightists

Stalin Emergence Propaganda

Cult of Personality: Stalin portrayed as Lenin’s true heit, worship, equated w. national progress and success, humble origins
Educational Content: Promoted loyalty to Stalin and CPSU

Stalin Persuasion and Coercion

Lenin’s Testament not being published
Triumvirate w/ Zinoviev and Kamanev
Manipulated PArty congress ro stack votes against opponents - used fear and coercion to gaun support w/in the party

Stalin Emergence Role

Maneuvering: Chief mourner at Lenin’s funeral + told trotsky the wrong date, dodn’t get Lenin’s Testament Published
Key Positions: Commissar for Nationalities (17), Liason btwn Politburo and Orgburo (19), Gen. Sec of CPSU (22)
Avoided Ideological Extremes and was Flexible

Stalin Ideology

Flexible in Ideology - supported NEP to defeat left, and opposed it to remove the right
Socialism in one country vs Trotsky’s Global Revolution
Ideology used to suppress rivals and label them as deviationists

Stalin Emergence Use of Force

Used Cheka/NKVD to monitor and eliminate dissent, arrested, exiled and assassinated political rivals - enforce obedience
Widespread surveilence created a culture of fear

Stalin Legal Methods

Show Trials/Purges: Began in ‘32, 3k imprisoned/executed and 10’s of k deported
Ban on Factionalism: Carried over from Lenin, used to silence any opposition
Gulags: network of labour/prison camos, 1 in 8 arrested during Stalin’s purges, NKVD had specific quotas to fill

“labor camps served an economic purpose by providing cheap labor for industrial projects.”

“purges were rooted in Bolshevik ideology, which viewed certain social classes as inherently hostile.”

Stalin Maintenance Use of Force

Early Purges (32-36): Began by taking cards and not returning them, deported and executed people in high positions, which stalin filled w/ his loyalists (ie Khrushchev as leader of Moscow Party)
Great Terror (36-39): Described as if the USSR was “Under seige”, Purge of Party - ‘36 Kamanev, Zinoviev, +14 other Bolshevik leaders tried and executed, all Legal bc they ended up confessiong. Armed Forces - “gigantic conspiracy uncovered in army” in ‘37, up to 35k commissioned officers either shot or imprisoned, 3/5 war marshalls of USSR dismissed, crippled army, Purge of the People - Gulags+Show trials led to mass repression, 1 in 8 arrested during purges

Later Purges (49-53): Purge of Leningrad party after the Leningrad Affair, Doctor’s plot in ‘53 (plan to murder stalin), exacterbated at lower levels

“Stalin and his inner circle likely did not believe all those arrested were genuine threats. Instead, the purges served to instill fear and consolidate power.”

Stalin Charismatic Leadership

Worshipped/Cult of Personality, seen as an icon/saintm celebrated on his birthday/may day

Used Religious sentiment to glorify Stalin
NOTE: Not necessarily charismatic himself, but portrayed through propaganda as a “father of the people”

Stalin Maintenance Propaganda

Art and Media: Social Realism, Engineers of the Human Soul, ‘34 Soviet Union of Writers
Education: Expanded + made free, ‘27 7.9 million students, ‘33 9.7 million students, state prescribed textbooks/curriculum, Konsomol 2 mil ‘27, 10 mil ‘40, eventual membership to party
Press: ‘30s 97% of households had access to state-controlled radio, Pravda, 36-38 over 2k writers and intellectuals arrested/executed

Stalin Opposition

Religious Groups: Late 30’s (great terror) - Opium of society, 800 high clergy, 4k priests, k’s of ordinary worshippers imprisoned, ‘40 only 500 churches opened, 1% of no. from ‘17
Kulaks: enemies of the people, Dec 29 Dekulakisation campaign launched, by 34 75% of farms had been collectivised
Political Opposition: Purges, Began in ‘32, 3k imprisoned/executed and 10’s of k deported, and that was just early purges, purged party, army, and people too

Stalin Foreign Policy

Spanish Civil War (36-39): Hesitated to support republican left government bc he didn’t want to aggrivate hitler, ended up selling fuel and a favourable price and sending military aid in oct ‘36, Spanish Comm Party increased from 38k in 36 to 300k in 37
Collaboration w/ Germans: Nazi-Soviet pact in Aug ‘39 trade of grain for heavy machinery, Boundary and Friendship treaty of September gave USSR Lithuania, Winter war in Nov ‘39 gave USSR Finland but exposed weakness
Post War: Red army controlled most of Eastern Europe, used to make buffer zones from the west - rigging elections, ie Yugoslavia, Albania, Hungary

Stalin Econ Policy

1st FYP (28-32): Increase overall production by 300% and electricity production by 600%, surrounded by a lot of propaganda, exaggerated results bc no major targets fully met
2nd + 3rd FYP (33-37, 38-42): Meant to create fully socialist economy, but ended up just calling for increased production and living standards, Stakhanov movement, 3rd FYP called for the same but interrupted bc of Operation Barbarossa
4th + 5th FYP (46-50, 51-55): 100k farms and 5 mil homes destroyed, unable to get reparations, Wanted to rebuild heavy infrastructure and revive agriculture - but slow to start, 9 mo after war over 2.5 million homeless people rehoused but targets took a long time to meet, 5th FYP obstructed by Cold War defence spending

Stalin Political Policies

Purges: Political Opposition: Purges, Began in ‘32, 3k imprisoned/executed and 10’s of k deported, and that was just early purges, purged party, army, and people too
Party Policies: ‘36 Soviet Constitution ensured all political decisions were controlled by the Communist Party, ‘39 90% of Communist Party Central Committee had been replaced by Stalinist Loyalists

Stalin Social Policies

Art and Media: Social Realism, Engineers of the Human Soul, ‘34 Soviet Union of Writers, work needed to be acceptable to the Party in both theme and presentation
Education: Expanded + made free, ‘27 7.9 million students, ‘33 9.7 million students, state prescribed textbooks/curriculum, Konsomol 2 mil ‘27, 10 mil ‘40, eventual membership to party
Religious Groups: Late 30’s (great terror) - Opium of society, 800 high clergy, 4k priests, k’s of ordinary worshippers imprisoned, ‘40 only 500 churches opened, 1% of no. from ‘17

Stalin Cultural Policies

Art and Media: Social Realism, Engineers of the Human Soul, ‘34 Soviet Union of Writers, work needed to be acceptable to the Party in both theme and presentation
Education: Expanded + made free, ‘27 7.9 million students, ‘33 9.7 million students, state prescribed textbooks/curriculum, Konsomol 2 mil ‘27, 10 mil ‘40, eventual membership to party
Religious Groups: Late 30’s (great terror) - Opium of society, 800 high clergy, 4k priests, k’s of ordinary worshippers imprisoned, ‘40 only 500 churches opened, 1% of no. from ‘17

Stalin Women

Pre Stalin: Marriage Bourgeiosie Concept and thought women should be liberated from the bondage of children and family, 1926 family code consolidated rights to abortions, contraceptives, and divorce, Muslim communities limited
Stalin in Power: ½ Divorce rate by 30’s, feral gangs of children, Falling birthrates- ‘36 Great reversal, unregistered marriages no longer recognised, abortion restricted, family basis of Sov Society, Failed Housewives movement, ‘39 ⅓ of all engineers and 79% of doctors were women
Stalin in War: July ‘44 Outlaw on Abortion, tax cuts, heroines of the soviet union 2+ children, Needed to join labour force, ‘36 9 mil women in industrial workforce, ‘45 15 million, 500 mil women fought in WWII

“fruits of female emancipation became building blocks of the Stalinist neopatriarchal social system”

Stalin Minorities

National: Wanted to assimilate to Soviet Society, viewed them as village people, Stalin wanted to promote the dominance of Russia in the USSR, would suppress leaders of nationalistic breakaway movements, ‘40 takeover of the baltic states and Bukovina and Bessarabia resulted in 2 mil deportations (most died), ‘45 20 million ppl of the Soviet Union had been uprooted

Religious: Islam - Under Bolsh, faced restrictions (inimum age of marriage raised to 16, banned polygamy, bride money, wearing hijabs), but Sharia courts established in 20/21 in Central Asia, Stalin pre war 25,000 mosques were closed/converted in total (1928 - WWII) 1932-1938 - purges because Muslims were accused of being counter-revolutionaries of British/Japanese/German intelligence, feasts, fasts, prayers decreased due to new work schedule, during war over 853k muslims deported, but collaborated w/ muslim leaders/scholars for war support

Kulaks: enemies of the people, Dec 29 Dekulakisation campaign launched, by 34 75% of farms had been collectivised

Stalin Totalitarianism

Pro: Crushed Kulaks and the presence of religion
Cons: Had to bring back church, had to resort to slogans abt great patriotic war, protecting mother russia bc he couldn’t fully get the ppl on board with him - didn’t fully broken down religion (RESORTED TO NATIONALISM AND RELIGION)

Overall more cons than positives

Lenin Authoritarianism

Hodder: “Lenin created an authoritarian system which returned Russia to the absolutism it know under the Tsars” pg 19-20, “by 1922, the soviet union was a one-party leninist state”

Lenin had: All parties other than CPSU outlawed, Police state through Cheka, banned factionalism, executed purges and show trials, Nationalised finance and agriculture

Hitler Econ Factors

After War (19-24): $1.34 Bil reparations, overprinting money (bread June ‘22 3.5 marks - Nov ‘23 80 billion marks), may 24 elections 32 Seats
Stresemann (24-28): Austerity Measures, stopping money printing, renegotiating reparations (Dawes Plan) - econ Stability Dec. 1924 14 seats & May 1928 12 seats
Great Depression (29-33): Wall Street Crash, Unemployment skyrockets (1927- 1.3 million unemployed germans, 1931 - 8 million unemployed germans) SPD and KDP decreased, Nazi increases (Sep 1930 107 seats, July 32 gain highest vote and 230 seats - lost power in Nov 32 196 seats, but still biggest party)

HISTORIANS CALLED THEIR ECONOMY “Crisis After Crisis” from 1929 onwards

Hitler Social Division

Political: Right vs Left, Mainstream vs Anti Establishment, 1919 Spartacists vs Freikorps, 1920 Kapp Putsch, 1923 Munich Putsch, Lack of a strong left opposition
Wealthy vs Not Wealthy: 1928 collapse of grand coallition + Great depression = unemployment, 1927- 1.3 million unemployed germans, 1931 - 8 million unemployed germans

Ideological: Left vs Right, antisemitism, anti communism
Capitalised by Hitler (DAP - NSDAP)

Hitler Impact of War

Econ Devistation: War debts, Loss of 12% of population and 10% of land under new borders, Lost 16% of coal fields and 50-60% of iron and steel industry,
Social Humiliation: Guilt Clause, November Criminals, Civil War (Putsches, Spartacists vs Freikorps)
Governmental Instability: Frequent elections (9 parliamentary and 5 presidential from 1919-1933) and Coalition governments only

Hitler Weakness of the Political System

Resented by people: Blamed for end of war in November and called november criminals
Unstable: Spreading of seats through proportional representation made it difficult to form a single party majority- lead to the creation of coalition governments. Even small extreme parties had voices
Elections: Frequent elections caused social division (9 parliamentary and 5 presidential from 1919-1933)

Hitler Emergence Propaganda

Joseph Goebbles - head of propaganda, repitition sticks
Cater to ppl: Hitler changed the party name from German worker’s party to the national socialist german workers party for more widespread anti-capitalist appeal, Beer Halls, fight w/ Communists (doing what police couldn’t do)
Humanise/Idolise himself: Hitler’s personally written Biography-esque social commentary, Mein Kampf (My Struggle) became very popular, spreading Nazi ideology

Hitler Persuasion and Coercion

Garnering Support (P): Wall Street Crash and Industrialists, Conkordat with the church

Only Option (C): Rejected positon of vice chancellor so he could eventually become chancellor when he was the only one left

Gaining Power (P): Persuaded the Reichstag into accepting the enabling act

Hitler Emergence Role of Leaders

Dedication: Nothing would make him give up on his dream, believed that he was the Messiah to bring Germany to its glory

Charisma: Extraordinary Speaker, Novelty, Extreme movements, expressions, and style made him noticeable to the people

Opportunism: Rejected Coup pressure from Strasser, rejected vice chancellorship/minor roles in gov, biting time bc he could see he was winning - lead power grab means legitimacy, put himself in a more powerful position where gov comes to him and not vice versa

“Without Hitler, National Socialism as we know it would not have come to power”

Hitler Ideology

Unify and Restore Germany: Unification of all Germans in greater Germany, Revocation of the Treaty of Versailles, Gaining of territory to accommodate Germany’s surplus population - more farmland - Poland

Promotion of Aryan Race: Restriction of state citizenship to those with German blood, Jews denied membership of the Volk (German people), Lebensraum - Right of superior German Aryans as the master race

Loyalty to the state: Supremacy of the state/Volksgemeinschaft, loyalty to state over any other loyalty

Not really unique ideas, taking mainstream opinions and original ideas to appeal to every branch of society - Historiography “Manifestation of his own personal beliefs”

Hitler Emergence Force

Take Power: Munich Putsch - Hitler and Ludendorff attempted to seize power and failed miserably - gain attention and sympathy for the cause of the Nazis, tried to do something about injustices even if it failed, gov was incompetent

Willing to stand up to communists: Clashing with communists/SA- Foot soldiers of Nazis, would fight in streets and beer halls against mainly other communist foot soldiers (DO WHAT POLICE CANNOT DO)

Garner support: Coercing the church into accepting Nazi regime

Used force to show that they are willing to stand up to communists and say that they can do what the police were unwilling/unable to do

Hitler Legal Methods

Ban Opposition: Law Against the Establishment of Parties - 14 July 1933, Arrresting SDP and KDP, Banning Trade Unions

Fulfilling Nazi Ideology: Removing Jewish Civil Servants - Law for a Restoration of a Professional Civil Service 1933, Nuremberg Laws 1935|
Align Public with Views: Editor’s Law ‘33, Armt Oath ‘38, Hitler Youth Mandatory ‘39

Hitler Maintenance Force

Eliminate Opposition: Night of the Long Knives (June 1934) agst Ernhst Röhm and 85 others bc feared uprising, Execution of multiple anti-nazi groups (ex: Edelweiss + White Rose Group), 2k+ workers executed for belonging to illegal labor organizations.

Fulfill Nazi Goals, Euthenasia programme (T4) (sept. 1939-aug. 1941, Extermination Roma, Jews, and other minorities

Getting public in line: Gestapo interrogation methods and SS to withdraw information about opposition

Third Reich Considered an SS State by historians

Hitler Charismatic Leadership

Swayed Opposition For Him - Army Oath ‘38, were originally against him but then swore loyalty to him

Competence Overalp - Would make his subordinates compete with eachother to gain his favour with their policies

Idolatry - Made himself a messianic figure, cult of personality, controlled his portrayal in media a la Triumph of the will ‘34

Lynch - “It was he, Adolf Hitler, who gave definition and purpose to it all”

Hitler Maintenance Propaganda

Press: Editor’s Law ‘33, Eher Verlag + Owning 2/3 of newspapers, Editor’s Law, ‘39 illegal to listen to foreign broadcasts, Volksempfänger- cheap mass produced radios with limited range became standard in Germany, (25% households owned in 1932 vs 70% households owned in 1939)

Arts: Censored, Emphasised German Nationalism, Abstract unacceptable, needed to not offend Nazi Values, Glorify Hitler (Triumph of the Will ‘34), 2.5k artists went into voluntary exile
Education: Altered Studies (History, Biology reflect German Values), Eugenics Taught, Hitler Youth defined societal role and emphasised loyalty to the Führer, ‘39 made compulsory to join (108,000 members in 32- 7.3 members in 40 for both HJ and BDM)

“Those who control the youth control the future”

Hitler Opposition

Left: 1k members of the SDP and 150k members of the KPD put in concentration camp at the beginning of 1933, Trade unions destroyed and over 2k workers executed for belonging to illegal labour orgs
Right: Aristocrats formed things like the Kreisau Circle, but never took action, Army had the highest instance of assassination attempts on Hitler, July Bomb Plot of 1944, Religious figures like Martin Neimoller who defied nazis and spent 7 yrs in concentration camps
Young: Edelweiss created to oppose HJ, rejected authoritarianism and were hunted down by the Gestapo, Swingjugend started being restricted in ‘41, White Rose Group 42-43 but imprisoned and executed

“Lynch: Had the churhces chosen to condem Nazism, it would have polarised the situation and made things impossible for those who were both believers and loyal Germans”
“lynch “Edelweiss is remembered for the heroism of its members rather than for any great influence it has on German people”
“Those who have the youth on their side control the future”

Hitler Foreign Policy

Main Goals: Undo Treaty of Versailles, Unite all Germans, Provide Germany w/ Lebensraum
‘33-’39: ‘34 secretly expanded armed forces from 100-300k, ‘35 made military service compulsory and built army up to 550k, ‘36 took over Rhineland w/o opposition, ‘38 Union w/ Austria (Anschluss) and takeover of the Sudetenland, ‘39 Nazi-Soviet ‘
‘39-’45: Hitler “High Risk Gambler”, ‘41 turned on russia and declared war w/ USA after Pearl Harbour, but was helpless agst the the Grand Alliance (which only formed bc of Hitler’s Stumbles)

Hitler Econ Policy

Schact (34-37): Law to reduce unemployment 6 mil to 2.5 mil in 18 mo. - Public work Schemes, New Plan Sept ‘34 increase gov regulation of imports, develop trade w/ LEDC’s and south/central euro
Goering (36-39): Drastic Militarisation (emphasised production of heavy machinery and steelwork), sustained fall in unemployment (‘39 got to 100k (hodder) or 200k (cambridge)), Autarky, by ‘39 still importing 1/3 of raw materials
Speer (42-45): Streamlined production (synthetic rubber 98-117 tonnes from 42-43), Central Planning Board April ‘42 - allocated materials, Expanded Labour market (Jan ‘43 women conscrioted to labour force), 7 mil foreign workers

Hitler Political Policies

Limitless Government: Enabling act ‘33 didnt need approval of Reichstag to pass laws - After hindenburg’s death in 34 Hitler consolidated power as Führer and Reich Chancellor
Sole Political Party: Law against the formation of new parties ‘33 forming party outside of Nazis became illegal
Opposition: Banned labour unions and consolidated them into the German Labour Front (FAD)

Germany unified under Nazi political influence

Hitler Social Policies

Sterilisation and Euthanasia: Social: July ‘33 law for the prevention of hereditarily diseased offspring, ‘39 350k sterilised, 17k deaf people, Euthanasia began in ‘49 and practiced on children, ‘45 5k killed, Extended to adults in mental hospitals, ended in Aug ‘41 due to public outrage - 72k murdered
Controlling Women: Closing abortion centres, reegulating makeup, providing medals to women with many children
Education: Altered Studies (History, Biology reflect German Values), Eugenics Taught, Hitler Youth defined societal role and emphasised loyalty to the Führer, ‘39 made compulsory to join (108,000 members in 32- 7.3 members in 40 for both HJ and BDM)

Hitler Cultural Policies

Education: Altered Studies (History, Biology reflect German Values), Eugenics Taught, Hitler Youth defined societal role and emphasised loyalty to the Führer, ‘39 made compulsory to join (108,000 members in 32- 7.3 members in 40 for both HJ and BDM)

Arts: Censored, Emphasised German Nationalism, Abstract unacceptable, needed to not offend Nazi Values, Glorify Hitler (Triumph of the Will ‘34), 2.5k artists went into voluntary exile
Language: Heil hitler became official greeting and Street named were associated w/ Nazi leaders

Hitler Women

Gave Purpose: Instilled Notions of motherhood, League of German Maidens, ‘34 forced out of careers in the professions, limited spots in higher educations, Lae for reduction of unemployment June ’33 encouraged to leave work for marriage and supported by generous loans
Regulated Behaviour: Discouraged makeup/ dressing up, closed birth control clinics + abortion made illegal, Womens orgs consolidated to National Socialist Womanhood in ‘31
Impact of War: Sept ‘39 Land Year program, ‘42 encouraged women to go back to factories, ‘44 encouraged women get pregnant outside of the confines of marriage

Hitler Minorities

Social: July ‘33 law for the prevention of hereditarily diseased offspring, ‘39 350k sterilised, 17k deaf people, Euthanasia began in ‘49 and practiced on children, ‘45 5k killed, Extended to adults in mental hospitals, ended in Aug ‘41 due to public outrage - 72k murdered
Ethnic: Roma, only abt 30k in Germany, Dec ‘38 registered, ‘40 deported to Poland, Dec ‘42 transferred to Auschwitz w/ Mengele, 20k sent to Aushwitz, 10k killed, abt 500k killed in occupied Euro
Religious: Jews, only abt 500k in Euro but made scapegoats, March ‘33 gov boycott fo Jewish shops/businesses, Law for a Restoration of a Professional Civil Service ‘33, Nuremberg Laws ‘35, Final Plan left 6 mil Jews dead

“The work of Jewish prisoners was doubled, and their rations halved.” -herr X

Hitler Totalitarianism

Pros: Absorbed Parties/Total control of the gov, full control of propagada and army
Cons: Faced some opposition, mainly religious (no euthanasia), Edelweis+ youth, and July Bomb plot, but nothing too much
Debate on parallel systems: Structuralist (weak dictator) vs intentionalist (purposeful)

Hitler Authoritarianism

Full Control of Gov (enabling act, law agst formation of new parties)
But not fullt achieved until ‘38 w/ the army oath (Hodder)