Bio Final Study Units 1-5

Uses previous quiz q's

Which of the following is the correct order of steps in the scientific method?

Observation, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, conclusion

Which of the following is smaller than a cell?

Organelle (and molecule)

____ are polymers that are composed of monomers called ____

Nucleic acids; nucleotides

Which type of organic molecules store and transmit genetic information?

Nucleic acids

What is the pH range for alkaline solutions?

8-14

Water molecules stick to each other. This property is known as _____

cohesion

All cells have features in common including DNA, RNA ribosomes, cytoplasm, and ____

cell membrane

The domains of life include all of the following EXCEPT

animalia

The domain ____ includes prokaryotes that are structurally simple but are the most abundant and diverse organisms on Earth

bacteria

Phospholipids are composed of a ____ head and ____ tails

hydrophilic, hydrophobic

_____ is the eukaryotic organelle responsible for photosynthesis

chloroplast

Reduction can be described as ____

a gain of electrons

The energy that drives photosynthesis comes from ____

sunlight

Photosynthesis is an example of an ____ chemical reaction because ____

endergonic; light energy is used to build chemical bonds

The light reactions of photosynthesis occur in the ___

thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast

Which of the following best describes aerobic respiration?

The production of ATP from glucose in the prescence of oxygen

The first stage of cellular respiration that takes place in the cytoplasm is

glycolysis

Write the equation of photosynthesis

6H₂O+6CO₂+Sunlight→6O₂+C₆H₁₂O₆

Write the equation of cellular respiration

6O₂+C₆H₁₂O₆→6H₂O+6CO₂+ATP

Name the three stages of cellular respiration and where each takes place

1. Glycolysis: cytosol/cytoplasm

2. Krebs Cycle: mitochondria (matrix)

3. Electron Transport Chain: mitochondria (inner membrane)

Which nucleotide is complementary to adenine in RNA

Uracil

Which enzyme is responsible for transcription in eukaryotic cells?

RNA polymerase

mRNA alterations include all of the following EXCEPT

Poly A tail

5’ cap

Splicing

Folding

folding

A codon is composed of ____ consecutive mRNA bases

3

Which of the following is NOT a step in translation?

Initiation

Elongation

Termination

Transcription

transcription

What is the role of tRNA during translation?

carry amino acids to the ribosome

Interphase is composed of all of the following EXCEPT

G1

G0

S

M

M

Chromosomes align along the cell equator in which phase of mitosis?

metaphase

Meiosis ___ the number of chromosomes by ___

reduces; half

What is the process by which prokaryotes reproduce?

Binary fission

Which event is unique to meiosis I and does not occur in mitosis?

homologous chromosomes pair up and undergo crossing over

Meiosis results in

four unique haploid cells

DNA replication occurs in which stage of the cell cycle?

Interphase

If a cell has 28 chromosomes and undergoes mitosis, which of the following is true?

two daughter cells will be created, each will have 28 chromosomes

The diploid chromosome number of a Gorilla is 48. The haploid number of chromosomes found in a gorilla gamete will be ____

24

Which of the following sequences shows the correct life cycle for humans?

haploid egg + haploid sperm → diploid zygote → mitosis → diploid adult → meiosis → haploid gametes

What is the founder effect?

a type of genetic drift that occurs when a small population establishes itself in a new area

What is the most accurate way to explain the relationship between antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria?

Bacteria with alleles that confer antibiotic resistance are more likely to survive when exposed to antibiotics

After an environmental change, foxes with shorter legs than average are most likely to survive and reproduce. What type of selection will act on this population in coming generations?

Directional selection

Which type of evidence for evolution reflects adaptations to similar environments?

analogous structures

Ground beetles have useless hind wings. In related species, the hind wings function in flight. Which term describes ground beetles’ hind wings?

Vestigial

How does the activity of a homeotic gene relate to evolution?

mutations in homeotic genes can produce new body plans

A group of chipmunks gets separated by the formation of a river. After several generations the chipmunks cannot interbreed and produce viable offspring. What has happened?

allopatric speciation

Events of earth’s history in order

earth formed, eukaryotes arose, o2 accumulated in the atmosphere, prokaryotes arose, multicellular organisms arose

Which of the following represents the correct order of appearance?

ediacarans, fishes, reptiles, flowering plants

In population genetics, evolution describes how ___ change from one generation to the next.

allele frequencies

The study of biogeography is most concerned with the

current and past distribution of species on earth

Which of the following would be most useful for comparing ALL known groups of organisms?

DNA encoding rRNA

The biological species concept defines species based on

ability to interbreed

The modern evolutionary synthesis unites ideas about

DNA, mutations, inheritance, and natural selection

What is the relationship between genetic variation and natural selection in evolution?

Genetic variation leads to natural selection

Postzygotic reproductive barriers include all of the following EXCEPT

Hybrid inviability

Hybrid infertility

Hybrid isolation

Hybrid breakdown

hybrid isolation

Which of the following is a characteristic unique to plants?

cell walls made of cellulose

What is the function of the cuticle in plants?

prevent water loss

Which of the following is NOT a vegetative (not reproductive) organ in a plant?

flower

Which of the following plant tissues is primarily responsible for transporting water from the roots to leaves?

xylem

Where do tracheids occur in stems?

vascular bundles

The meristem in plants is known for

continuous cell division for growth

What is the reproductive structure of angiosperms?

flowers

If you spray herbicide on a weed, which barrier might prevent the chemical from entering the leaves?

Casparian strip

What type of growth allows a sunflower to grow taller?

primary growth

What structures provide abundant surface area for water and mineral absorption?

root hairs

Through which of the following structures might a water molecule flow as it moves through a plant?

Sieve tubes

Tracheids

Vessel elements

all of the above

How does water move through a xylem?

It enters at the roots, and cohesion pulls it to the leaves

The main function of the stomata is to allow for:

transpiration

Where do simple sugars in phloem sap originate in most plants?

photosynthetic cells in leaves

Which of the following is NOT a flower structure typically associated with reproduction?

Anther

Stigma

Sepal

Carpel

Sepal

What are the products of double fertilization?

a diploid zygote and triploid endosperm

Which plant tissue layer protects the plant from water loss and external injury?

Dermal tissue

What are the three types of plant tissues? Where does each occur?

Ground tissue: inside/middle between the other tissues

Dermal tissue: on the very outside layer of the plant

Vascular tissue: on the very inside, used for transportation throughout plant (xylem & phloem)

Which of the following is not a feature associated with viruses?

Cytoplasm

Genetic information

Protein coat

envelope

cytoplasm

Which of the following characteristics of life does a virus have?

evolution

Although some viruses are complete after the assembly stage, others are not fully formed until they acquire ___ during the release stage.

the envelope

Which type of infection is most similar to a lysogenic infection in bacteria?

a latent infection in animals

What is a prion?

a protein that can alter the shape of a second protein

What is a virus?

a microscopic infectious agent that replicates inside living cells

What is a viroid?

a highly wound circle of RNA

What is one of the defining characteristics of prokaryotes?

lack of a true nucleus

Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?

electron transport

____ consists of mitosis and interphase

the cell cycle

Which of the following is not a mechanism of genetic variation in bacteria?

translation

mutation

conjugation

transduction

translation

Which of these is a distinguishing characteristic between domains Bacteria and Archaea?

the chemical composition of the cell wall and plasma membrane

The primary advantage of conjugation is that it

shuffles genes - including some that enhance survival-among cells

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ALL protists

unicellular

cells containing membrane bound organelles

cells containing a nucleus

eukaryotic

unicellular

What is the main body of a fungus called?

Mycelium

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of plants?

eukaryotic

rigid cell walls made of cellulose

prokaryotic

multicellular

prokaryotic

Which of the following is present in all land plants?

a waxy cuticle that reduces water loss

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fungi?

multicellular

heterotrophic

photosynthetic

eukaryotic

photosynthetic

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of animals?

multicellularity

heterotrophy

prokaryotic cells

complex organization

prokaryotic cells

Since a tunicate is a chordate it must have a

notochord

What are four key features that distinguish chordates from other animals?

postanal tail, pharyngeal slits, notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord