Chapter 19 - Blood Review

These flashcards cover key concepts related to the blood from Chapter 19 of the anatomy and physiology course, focusing on its functions, components, disorders, and blood grouping systems.

What are the primary functions of blood?

Transport of gases, nutrients, waste products, hormones; regulation of pH, osmosis, body temperature; protection against foreign substances.

What is plasma?

The liquid matrix of blood, constituting 55% of blood volume, containing proteins, ions, nutrients, and waste products.

What are the major components of blood?

Plasma (55% of blood volume) and formed elements (cells and cell fragments, 45% of blood volume).

What are the steps of hemostasis?

1. Vascular spasm, 2. Platelet plug formation, 3. Coagulation.

What is hematopoiesis?

The process of blood cell formation occurring in red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue.

What is the role of erythropoietin (EPO)?

A hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells in response to low oxygen levels.

What are the different types of plasma proteins?

Albumins, globulins (alpha, beta, gamma), and fibrinogen, each with specific functions in transport, immunity, and clotting.

How does carbon monoxide affect hemoglobin?

It binds strongly to the iron in hemoglobin, forming carboxyhemoglobin and reducing oxygen transport.

What is the normal pH range of blood?

7.35 to 7.45.

What are the major types of white blood cells?

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.

What is the function of platelets?

To form platelet plugs and release chemicals necessary for blood clotting.

What are the three phases of coagulation?

1. Phase 1: The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways activate factor X, 2. Phase 2: Activation of prothrombin to thrombin, 3. Phase 3: Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.

What is anemia?

A deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood.

What is the function of the liver related to blood?

Production of bile, storage of nutrients, processing of nutrients, removal of ammonia, and synthesis of blood proteins.

Describe the ABO blood grouping system.

Blood groups are determined by the presence or absence of antigens A and B on red blood cells.

What is the Rh blood group system?

Determines whether blood type is Rh-positive (presence of Rh antigens) or Rh-negative (absence of Rh antigens).

What is hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?

Condition that occurs if an Rh-negative mother produces antibodies against Rh-positive fetal blood cells, potentially harming the fetus.

What is a complete blood count (CBC)?

A blood test that measures levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit.

What are the primary functions of blood?

Transport of gases, nutrients, waste products, hormones; regulation of pH, osmosis, body temperature; protection against foreign substances.

What is plasma?

The liquid matrix of blood, constituting 55% of blood volume, containing proteins, ions, nutrients, and waste products.

What are the major components of blood?

Plasma (55% of blood volume) and formed elements (cells and cell fragments, 45% of blood volume).

What are the steps of hemostasis?

1. Vascular spasm, 2. Platelet plug formation, 3. Coagulation.

What is hematopoiesis?

The process of blood cell formation occurring in red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue.

What is the role of erythropoietin (EPO)?

A hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells in response to low oxygen levels.

What are the different types of plasma proteins?

Albumins, globulins (alpha, beta, gamma), and fibrinogen, each with specific functions in transport, immunity, and clotting.

How does carbon monoxide affect hemoglobin?

It binds strongly to the iron in hemoglobin, forming carboxyhemoglobin and reducing oxygen transport.

What is the normal pH range of blood?

7.35 to 7.45.

What are the major types of white blood cells?

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.

What is the function of platelets?

To form platelet plugs and release chemicals necessary for blood clotting.

What are the three phases of coagulation?

1. Phase 1: The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways activate factor X, 2. Phase 2: Activation of prothrombin to thrombin, 3. Phase 3: Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.

What is anemia?

A deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood.

What is the function of the liver related to blood?

Production of bile, storage of nutrients, processing of nutrients, removal of ammonia, and synthesis of blood proteins.

Describe the ABO blood grouping system.

Blood groups are determined by the presence or absence of antigens A and B on red blood cells.

What is the Rh blood group system?

Determines whether blood type is Rh-positive (presence of Rh antigens) or Rh-negative (absence of Rh antigens).

What is hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?

Condition that occurs if an Rh-negative mother produces antibodies against Rh-positive fetal blood cells, potentially harming the fetus.

What is a complete blood count (CBC)?

A blood test that measures levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit.

What is the primary function of red blood cells (erythrocytes)?

To transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs.

What are key characteristics of red blood cells?

Biconcave disc shape, anucleated (lacking a nucleus), and contain hemoglobin.

What is the typical lifespan of a red blood cell?

Approximately 100-120 days.

What is the general function of white blood cells (leukocytes)?

To protect the body against infectious diseases and foreign invaders as part of the immune system.

What are the two main categories of white blood cells?

Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes).

What is the approximate total blood volume in an average adult?

About 5-6 liters in males and 4-5 liters in females, making up 7-8% of body weight.