The Reformation

Reformation

A religious movement in the 16th century where people began to question the teachings of the Catholic church and to challenge the authority of the Pope.

Protestants

Supoporters for the desire to reform ans challenge the catholicl church lwere called reformers.

influence of Renaissance

As more people began to read, they could read the Bible for theirselvells and didnt have to listen to the priests and bishops interpretation of the Bible. The inventiono of the pronting press allowed new ideas of the reformers to spread quickly arouond europe.

Wealth of the Church

The church was the wealthiest organisation in Europe. Bishops and monasteries were huge landowners. 1/3 of Germany's land belonged to the church. Kings and nobles resented their wealth. Everyone had to pay a tithe.

Abuses within the church

There were many abuses of power within the church. This made people think that the Popes, bishops, and priests were more interested in their oewn wealth than in serving god.

Simony

The buying or selling of positions within the church

Nepotism

The appointing of relatives to church jobs regardless of merit

Pluralilsm

The holdling of more than one Chourch job at a time

Absenteeism

A priest or bishop being absent from their parish or diocese for long periods of time

Sale of indulgences

Special prayers being sold that would reduce time in purgatory.

Martin Luther

German monk who started the Protestant reformation

Justification by faith alone

Luthers belief that only faith in god would get you into heaven

Nintey five thesis

95 things Martin Luther thought the church was doing wrong; he nailed it to the church doors.

Response of the church to the ninety five theses

Pope Leo didnt care at the start, but then he sent a theologian named John Eck to debate Luther. In Public. Leo ordered Luther to recant what he had said, Luther refused. Leo sent a Papal bull (formal letter of command) threatening Luther with excommunicatioin. Luther burned the letter in public and was excommunicated in 1521.

Excommunication

Exclusion from the Catholic church and inability to receive sacraments.

Diet of Worms

This was the conference that Charles V called to bring Martin Luther to speak, but Luther didnt change his mind. After the diet (meeting) Charles issued the Edict of Worms making Luther an outlaw. Luther ws to be arrested and punished for heresy. Prince Frederick of Saxonyarranged a fake kidnapping and hid Luther in warburg castle for a year, where he translated the Bible to german, so everybody could read it.

Heresy

Knowingly holding beliefs that went against the official teachings of the church

Luthers beliefs

The Bible is the only source of guidance for Christians. Mass and bible should be in vernacular, justification by faith alone, The clergy should be allowed to marry, Lutherans only believed in two sacraments: baptism and communion

Impact of Luthers actions

Reformation spread throughout Europe, Launched counter

spread of the reformation

Many people began to question the teachings of the catholic church. Lutheranism spread to denmark, sweden, norway

Courts of inquisition

Catholic courts set up during the Counter Reformation. People accussed of heresy were (Could be) burned at the stake, imprisonment, fines, confiscation of property,, expulsion, or the wearing of a yellow cloak.

New religious orders

the church saw it needed to reconnect with the faithful, and set up new orders. Th Ursulilne monks, Capuchin monks, and the society of Jesus/Jesuits

Jesuits

members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola. They gained a reputatuion of being very educated and successful in two main tasks: travelling the world and introducing Christianity, and setting up schools to educate sons of rich people.

Council of Trent

Church council that reaffirmed basic Catholic doctrines such as papal supremacy and exclusive Church authority to interpret the Bible; prohibited Church abuses; required clergy to renounce worldly pleasures; authorized an index of books catholilcs were forbidden to read.

Results of reformation

Most of northern Europe was protestant, while southern was Catholic

Religious wars

There was tension and conflict between catholics and protestants now, many wars broke out like: Spain (Cath) and Netherlands (Prot) war, Anglo

Power of kings

The church didnt have power over countries that weren't catholilc, so kings regained power and wealth, and church was weakened

Education

Everybody wanted to be educated. Protestans wanted to learn to read and write so they could read the bible, Catholics wanted people to understand why catholicism was good so they educated people.

Art and Architecture

Protestants rejected lavish churches thinking theyre a waste, so their churches were simple. Catholics continued to be lavish, which led to the baroque style of art.