APUSH Time Period 3

Alternate name for the 7 Years War

French and Indian War, War of Conquest

Significance of the 7 Years War

It was the first global war

Main Combatants of the 7 Years War

British and Native allies vs. French and Native allies

Goal of the 7 Years War

To gain control of North American territory and trade routes

British territory

Eastern coast, seeking expansion and territory

French territory

Interior of the US and Canada, focused on fur trade with Native Americans

Spanish territory

Florida and Mexico, interested in sugar island’s and precious metals

Early fort conflicts

French and British built forts as symbols of territorial claims

George Washington

Led a force to attack the French at age 22

Acadian expulsion

British killed Acadia, deporting French settlers to New Orleans (known as Cajuns)

1756

England formally declares war

Outcome of the Treaty of Paris of 1763

British received French settlements in Canada, Spanish Florida, and Caribbean sugar islands

Proclamation of 1763

Set boundary along the Appalachian Mountains, reserving western lands for Native Americans; largely ignored by settlers

Treaty of Paris of 1673 - Long term effects

Increased British debt led to colonial taxation

Cause of Pontiac’s Uprising

British expansion and failure to maintain good trade relations post-war

Pontiac’s Uprising

Pontiac, chief of the Odawa tribe, led a 300-person force to capture Fort Detroit, later expanding to multiple tribes, capturing 8/11 forts in Ohio Valley

End of Pontiac’s Uprising

July 25, 1766, with the Royal Proclamation reinforcing boundaries to limit colonial expansion westward

Albany Plan of Union (1754)

Proposed by Benjamin Franklin for intercolonial governance, including tax collection and troop recruitment

Purpose of the Townshend Acts

British taxes on colonies for revenue, heavily protested

Virtual representation

British claim that Parliament represented colonists interests despite no direct colonial representatives

Response to Townshend Acts

Colonial assemblies boycotted British goods, eventually leading to to military enforcement in Boston and setting the stage for the Boston Massacre

Goal of the Committees of Correspondence

Organized communication among colonies to oppose British policies, educate on rights, and promote political unity

Significance of the Committees of Correspondence

By 1774, every colonial assembly had a committee, which fostered colonial unity and resistance to British rule

Stamp Act (1765)

Required all printed material in colonies to be on stamped, taxed paper

Reaction to Stamp Act

“No taxation without representation” protests, Stamp Act Congress, and petitions for repeal

Stamp Act Repeal

Repealed in 1766 due to protests, represents a significant victory for colonial resistance

Boston Massacre Context

Tensions in Boston due to British military presence and trade enforcement

Boston Massacre (1770)

British troops fired on a crowd, killing 5; escalated anti-British sentiment and contributed to revolutionary passion

What led to the Revolutionary War after the Seven Years’ War?

The British attempted to increase control on the colonies, leading to colonial rebellion and eventually the Revolutionary War.

Salutary neglect

A policy where Britain avoided strict enforcement of parliamentary law in the colonies

Stamp Act Congress

Sent petitions to Parliament and King George III to repeal the Stamp Act

Declaration of Colonial Rights and Grievances

A document stating that taxes imposed on colonies without consent were unconstitutional

Purpose of the Declaratory Act

Asserted British Parliament’s authority to tax in America as in Britain

Boston Tea Party

A protest against British taxation, where colonists dumped tea into Boston Harbor

Loyalists

Colonists who supported Britain during the American Revolution

Sons of Liberty

A secret society that protested British taxes

Daughters of Liberty

Organized boycotts against British goods in response to taxes

Intolerable Acts

Four laws passed by Britain to punish the colonies for the Boston Tea Party

First Continental Congress

A representative body from 12 colonies to unify against the British policies

Influence of the Enlightenment

Emphasized science and rationalism, inspiring thoughts on individual rights

John Locke

An Enlightenment philosopher who’s ideas on governance influenced the colonies

How did the American identity and democracy evolve in response to British actions?

Colonists argued for representatives who understood their needs, “no taxation without representation”

What Enlightenment ideas influenced the colonies?

Individualism, government by consent, and citizen rights

How did American colonies consolidate?

Through the First Continental Congress and unified opposition to British rule

Second Continental Congress

In 1775, it appointed George Washington to lead the Continental Army and later issued the Declaration of Independence

Olive Branch Petition

Final attempt by the colonies to avoid war, asserting loyalty to Britain while seeking rights

Significance of Declaration of Independence

It marked America’s official break from Britain and established principles that inspired future equality movements

Lexington and Concord

First military clashes of the American Revolution

Preparation for Lexington and Concord

Massachusetts instructed militias to prepare, and intelligence networks were established

Roles of women in the revolution

Organized fundraising drives, supplied troops, worked in military camps, helped wounded soldiers, made homespun cloth, and served as spies

Symbolic role of homespun cloth

It represented colonial independence after boycotts on British textiles, an act of rebellion

Coercive Acts impact

They reduced loyalty, convincing many colonists that they could no longer live under British rule and uniting the colonies against British control

How did women support the troops directly in the camps?

They cooked, cleaned, sewed mended uniforms, helped the sick, and foraged for food

Deborah Sampson

Disguised herself as a man to join the army and fought in battles

How did the AR influence ideas on equality and rights?

It led to discussions about social inequalities, voting rights, slavery, and women’s status, sparking democratic and abolitionist movements

Republican motherhood

The idea that women should be educated to raise virtuous citizens

How did Enlightenment ideas influenced Latin American independence movements?

Inspired revolts that ended European rule in many Latin American countries

Articles of Confederation

America’s first constitution, which created a weak central government to avoid tyranny but struggled to unite the states effectively

How did Shays Rebellion expose weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation?

The central government couldn’t suppress the rebellion, showing a need for a stronger federal system

Motivation of Shays Rebellion

The farmers were in debt due to high taxes and unpaid military service, facing property seizure and imprisonment without relief from the government

Outcome of Shays Rebellion

It led to calls for a stronger central government, resulting in the Constitutional Convention and a new US Constitution

Economic problems under the Articles of Confederation

The government couldn’t impose taxes or regulate trade, leading to debt, trade issues, and inadequate national defense

US Constitutions

Sets up a 3 branch government consisting of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, ensuring balance through checks and balances

Article 1 of the Constitution

The legislative branch, which includes the House of Representatives and the Senate, and introduces the balance of power by making laws, taxing, raising armies, and coining money

Article 2 of the Constitution

The executive branch, led by the President, is responsible for enforcing laws, waging war, negotiating treaties, and appointing government officials

Article 3 of the Constitution

The judicial branch, led by the Supreme Court, which interprets the laws and was originally thought to be the weakest branch

What principle ensures that one branch of the US government doesn’t become too powerful?

Checks and balances

First president of the US

George Washington, took office in 1789

What precedent did George Washington set during his presidency regarding foreign policy?

THe Proclamation of Neutrality, set a precedent for isolationism

What issue led to the creation of the first political parties in the US

The debate over the national bank and how to interpret the Constitution regarding federal powers

Alexander Hamilton’s two-part solution for state debt

The federal government would assume state debts and create a national bank to promote business by printing federally-backed money

Whiskey Rebellion

A 1791 tax on whiskey that angered farmers, leading to armed resistance. Washington’s response with military force showed the federal government’s strength under the new Constitution

XYZ Affair

French officials demanded bribes from American diplomats, leading to an undeclared naval war between the US and France

Alien and Sedition Acts

Laws passed under Adams to deport non-citizens considered threats and punish citizens who criticized the government

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Documents arguing that states could ignore federal laws they deemed unconstitutional, written in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts

Washington’s Farewell Address

It advised against forming political parties and long-term alliances and urged unity among the states

Federalists

A political party led by Hamilton that supported a strong central government and loose interpretation of the Constitution

Democratic-Republicans

A political party led by Jefferson that supported stronger state governments and strict interpretation of the Constitution

Jay’s Treaty Outcome

It failed to stop British harassment of American ships but secured British evacuation of western US forts

Adams midnight appointments outcome

Aimed to secure Federalist influence in the judiciary but led to the establishment of judicial review by the Supreme Court

Reasoning behind the Alien and Sedition Acts

To curb disagreement and limit the influence of political opponents during the quasi-war with France