Mod 10: Late adulthood stage

Late Adulthood Stage

Longest developmental stage across the lifespan Ages 60 years and above (until death)

Graying

term for late adulthood stage

524

Late Adulthood Stage: \___ million people over 65 worldwide

Aging

Physiological changes that take place in the human body leading to senescence

Senescence

the decline of biological functions and of the ability to adapt to metabolic stress

Cognition

The mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension. Various higher-level functions of the brain that encompass language, imagination, perception, and planning.

35

Total population has increased by at least \___% in the last two deaces

5

Less than __% of the population is 65 years and older

4.2%

From 2010-2030 → 60 years & older expected to increase by

0.4%

From 2010-2030 → 80 years & older expected to increase by

0-14

By 2065 --\> 60 years & older Expected to overtake those aged \____ years old

63.2 years

current life expectancy of female

57.4 years

current life expectancy of male

62.1 years

life expectancy of male in 2030

67.2 years

life expectancy of female in 2030

Young Old

60-74 years old; "Golden years of adulthood"; Experience relatively good health and social engagement, knowledge and expertise, and adaptive flexibility in daily living

Old-Old

75-84 years old; Likely living independently but often experience physical impairments since chronic diseases increase after age 75

Oldest-Old

85-89 years old; Often includes people who have more serious chronic ailments; More likely to require long-term care and to be in nursing homes

Centenarians

100+ years old; Tended to be healthier than many of their peers as they were growing older, and often there was a delay in the onset of any serious disease or disability until their 90s.

Supercentenarians

110+ years old; internationally, 25% reach 100 with no serious chronic illnesses, such as depression, osteoporosis, heart disease, respiratory illness, or dementia; quite rare

Jean Louise Calment

oldest person; from France; 122 years and 164 days

government service, private sector

Economic Well Being: Continue to work well beyond retirement age: \____ \____ (65 years), \___ \___ (60 years)

4

Economic Well Being: \__ in 10 respondents said that household income is just enough to pay expenses with no difficulty

money from children within the PH; income from farm/business; income from work

Economic Well Being: most common income source

22

Economic Well Being: __% said that their income source comes from pension

real estate (11%) (house (most common asset)), cash (12%), bank accounts (6%)

Economic Well Being: material positions

average health, functional disability

Healthcare: Half of older Filipinos consider themselves to be of \___ \___ but report \___ \___ with illness

common illness

Healthcare: arthritis, rheumatism, high blood pressure, chronic back pain, and cataracts

15%

Healthcare: \__ have difficulty performing at least 1 Activity of Daily Living

19%

Healthcare: \__ have difficulty performing at least 1 Instrumental

ADL

15

Healthcare: only__% have health care insurance

rely on family for informal care (primary caregivers)

Healthcare: children (38%) and spouse (35%)

elementary

education: 2 in 3 older Filipinos received at most \____ level education: relatively poor education profile was seen across 1305 respondents

7

Living Arrangements: \__ in 10 older Filipinos live with their child/ren

8

Living Arrangements: \__ in 10 older Filipinos consider the idea of having homes for the aged

2

Living Arrangements: \__ in 10 would want to live in home for the aged

Older couples should live alone; Independently but near one or more children

Living Arrangements: respondents' best

perceived arrangements:

Integrity vs. Despair

Erikson's Developmental Task for older adults

9

__th Social Stage (Integrity vs. Despair)

Integrity

a sense of self-acceptance, contentment with life and imminent death

Despair

a lack of fulfillment or peace and the inability to come to terms with life, aging, and approaching death

Generativity

willingness to engage in acts

Capability

ability to do something

Activity Theory

many people are barred from meaningful activities as they age; In order to cope with these changes, older adults need to

be more active.

Avoid a sedentary lifestyle, Maintain a physical and social environment (gain a more positive and stable self-concept -\> greater life satisfaction)

In doing Activity Theory, they are able to:

Continuity Theory

As people age, they continue to view the self in much the same way as they did when they were younger

self-identity

Continuity Theory: Older adults try to focus on optimizing and maintaining

Share Aspects of their Identity with Others, Focus on what they can do, Pursue Interests/Activities

In Continuity Theory, They:

Establishment of family roles, Adult engagement in workforce, Facilitating family social ties

In the PH context, their perception regarding aging include:

Responsibility

Living in multigenerational households and communities shape perceptions of aging as a

increased productivity and promising experiences

Even though some aspects are declining, it is also viewed as a period of \____ \____ \___ \___ \___ , which come together to form respect and dignity attained with maturation in the individual

Volunteering

Some older adults are involved in some type of structured, face-to-face, volunteer work like: charity drives (at church/community) barangay work

informal

In the Philippines, most engage in a sort of \___ type of volunteerism like helping neighbors out (i.e. in fiestas)

higher life satisfaction & psychological resilience

A study (De Jose, 2014) on older Filipino University Instructors showed that Job satisfaction led to

Productivity in Work

Many older adults are still employed which allows for independent income stream and worker's happiness derived from the workplace

Teaching

Older adults carry varied and vast banks of knowledge & life experiences that they have acquired to pass on to future generations; In the Philippines, elders give out advice and life lessons to the younger members of the family

technical/ theoretical knowledge or communal/societal experience

Teaching of Older Adults may be

Religious Activities

A lot of older adults do rosary and attend mass religiously because they view prayer as a social support

social support

Religious Activities: aid in coping with perceived stressors (e.g., work, home) provides a social network & belief system that combats fear of death

Political Engagement

On holding government positions, on Voting: Many politicians aged 60 above are active in the government in various levels (barangay,

LGU, RGU, NGU)

Richer and more diverse life experiences, Commanding of respect, and More grounded and trust-worthy

Older Adults are seated in these positions because people believe they have:

Grandparenting

It has become increasingly common for grandparents to live with and raise their grandchildren, or also to move back in with adult children in their later years.

Remote grandparenting

see them on special occasions but they live far away

Companionate grandparenting

grandparents act as a friend and sees the child frequently but not as involved in parenting

Involved grandparenting

strict and very involved (ex. "Pinalaki ko siya kaya naging lolo's boy yan.")

Primary Aging

senescence; aka biological aging; The process by which cells irreversibly stop dividing.

genetic predisposition

Primary Aging: irreversible and is due to

skin and hair, height and weight, hearing loss, and eye disease

Primary Aging: inevitable changes in the

Secondary Aging

caused by illness or disease and is potentially reversible

Stroke, heart disease, cancer, hypertension, stroke, diabetes, Parkinson's Disease, arthritis, COPD

Secondary Aging: Chronic Illnesses:

EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS

\___ \___ is the label often used for the following group of cognitive functions: Planning, Responding to feedback, Decision-making, Working Memory, Inhibition

Flexibility

VISUOSPATIAL SKILLS

relates to... Visual Perception, Visuo-constructional Reasoning, Perceptual-Motor Coordination

ATTENTION

Relates to the various types such ... Sustained, Divided, Selective; And is greatly affected by... Processing Speed

MEMORY

Relates to the various functions such as ... Recall: Free & Cued, Memory, Recognition, Long-term: Autobiographical, Semantic; Implicit learning

SOCIAL COGNITION

Recognition of Emotions, Theory of Mind, Insight

LANGUAGE

Object naming, Grammar & Syntax, Fluency, Receptive Language, Word Finding, Thought Formulation

cognitive and neural decline, language is one of the "more stable" areas of cognition

HEALTHY NON-PATHOLOGICAL AGING: Characterized by:

Word Finding Failures, Increased Slips of the Tongue, Increased Pauses in Speech

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT IN OLDER ADULTS: Often show deficits in language production:

Transmission Deficit Model

suggests that semantic and phonological abilities may be dissociable; Explains the "Tip of the tongue" phenomenon occurs more in older adults

Transmission Deficit Model

suggests that semantic & phonological abilities may be dissociable: node-based hierarchical theory; HYPOTHESIS: as we age, all connections between

semantic & phonological links weaken

Items/Aspect Recalled → Activation Propagated → Spreads Through Network → Lexical Label

Word Retrieval Model

Semantic

WORD RETRIEVAL: MEANING: more redundant and interconnected than

phonological system

Phonologic

WORD RETRIEVAL: SOUND: in terms of item labels, less redundant and more prone to retrieval failure; If we fail to retrieve one part we fail to retrieve all

memory difficulties, decrease in general speed of performance

lexical retrieval difficulties are generally attributed to:

retrieval deficits

\___ \___ may also be language-specific and phonological in nature

Tip of Tongue

occur when an individual knows what he or she would like to say but is unable to recall the lexical label; partial information about the phonology is available (e.g., starts with /k/)

Generalized Slowing Hypothesis

says that older adults perform behavioral tasks more slowly than young adults; Slowing can be attributed to changes in motor function (articulation) and reaction time measures (take longer to respond)

motor function

in Generalized Slowing Hypothesis, Slowing can be attributed to changes in \___________ (articulation)

reaction time measures

in Generalized Slowing Hypothesis, Slowing can be attributed to changes in \____ \___ \___ (take longer to respond)

Mental Flexibility, Verbal Fluency, Reading Time

LANGUAGE PROCESSING: Often highly correlated to other: Cognitive Measures:

Inhibition Deficit Theory

age-related performance in older adults can be related to a general decline in inhibitory processes; "walang filter/preno" since the non-automatic executive control affects language selection

Focus Attention, Ignore/Delete Irrelevant Information

Inhibition can serve to:

Reading comprehension

Inhibition Deficit Theory affects topic/conversation maintenance and \________