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Ptah-Hotep

set forth guidelines for correct behavior of young men, constructed them on the art of public speaking

Aspasia of Miletus

athenians learned public speaking from her

Shannon and Weaver

source encodes message and transmits through channel where noise is present. the receiver will decode the message and give feedback

Rhetoric

the art of using language effectively and persuasively

Transactional Model of Communication

both senders and receivers exchange messages and feedback simultaneously

civic engagement

individual and collective actions designed to identify and address issues of public concern

Different types of noise

external: lawn mower noise, vacuum cleaner noise aka distracting

internal: physiological (growling stomach, headache)

semantic: communication fails bc of the inability to understand due to linguistic or phonological problems

declamation

type of elocution, recite a famous speech in front of the audience

Fairness Doctrine

provision of copyright laws that allows the use of supporting material for educational purposes

Demagoguery

speech that attempts to win over an audience through appealing to their prejudices and emotions, particularly those of fear, anger, and frustration

Attitudinal Analysis

also known as psychographics, looking at human attitudes, beliefs, values, behaviors, and needs

Culture

learned knowledge that comes through human socialization

Values

fundamental factors of what is believed to be good or bad. very hard to change

Ethocentrism

a person who thinks his or her culture is superior to others

general purpose

the determination of the goal of the speech. to inform, to persuade, to entertain

specific purpose

a precise declaration of what speakers aim to accomplish

central idea

aka: thesis statement. expresses the agenda of the presentation

common ground

the basis for mutual understanding between audiences and speakers

Opinions

aka testimony. helps to enhance the credibility of the points in the presentation

Analogies

comparisons of similarities between unlike things either using a metaphor or a simile

Acquiring Attention

using unique statements, anecdotes, unconventional statements, statistics, and rhetorical questions

Library of Congress Classification System

used mostly by academic libraries, classifies materials using broad categories using english alphabet and numbers

Gazetteers

a geographical index or dictionary.

URL

Uniform Resource Locator

meta search engine

Sends request for information to several search engines simultaneously and compiles the results

Advantages of websites

selling, informing, news outlet, entertaining, advocating, socializing

Evaluation of websites

reliability, trustworthiness, timeliness, bias

types of examples

brief, extended, hypothetical

operation definition

shows the meaning by demonstrating how they work

determining usefulness of statistics

reliability, accuracy, context, rounding off, visual presentation

organizational patterns of organization

chronological, spatial, topical, compare and contrast, cause and effect, problem and solution, monroe's motivated sequence (MMS)

delivery outline

using words and phrases, contains introduction, body topics and supporting details, and conclusions

bibliography

A document showing all the sources used to research information.

attention getters

acts as bait to hook the attention and imagination of the audience

transitions

helps the flow of your speech, first, next, in addition, to conclude

internal summary

help listeners recollect the points and messages that have previously been made to them

problem and solution organizational pattern

presentation of the problems and their solutions

Monroe's Motivated Sequence (MMS)

a five-step organizational pattern

1. attention

2.need

3.satisfaction

4.visualization

5.action

cliche

a worn-out idea or overused expression

Jargon

vocabulary distinctive to a particular group of people

modification of position in conclusion

do not change your view once you get to conclusion ex: if you are for being an organ donor, don't conclude by saying don't be an organ donor

advantages of using presentation aids

increases understanding, increases retention, creates excitement, emphasizes ideas, enhances credibility, allows for gestures, allows combination of other sensory with sounds

Handouts

typically useful for laying out the main points/you need to make enough copies, call for volunteers, hand them out after presentation, make them look nice,

charts

Visual representations of numerical data

Graphs

relatively simple formats for visually displaying relationships among and between a series of measurements and relevant variables-help people make sense of of quantitative information

people

most exciting visual aid

creative commons (CC)

A nonprofit organization dedicated to the free distribution of creative content

serif fonts

slight curls or lines at the top and bottom of the letter ex: times new roman

Mashups

combining different content from multiple sources

Dialect

a form of language spoken by people in a particular region or group

manuscript

a handwritten or typed piece of writing, such as a book

memorized

learned by heart

extemporaneous

made or delivered on the spur of the moment

pronunciation

the accepted standard of how a word sounds when spoken

Articulation

the clear and precise pronunciation of words

barriers to good listening

Passive listening, drifting thoughts, physical distractions, trigger words, self-fulfilling prophecies

receiver apprehension

The fear of misunderstanding or misinterpreting the spoken messages of others

action-oriented listeners

focus on the ultimate point the speaker is trying to make

content-oriented listeners

carefully evaluate what they hear

time-oriented listeners

prefer information that is clear and to the point

people-oriented listeners

view listening as an opportunity to establish commonalities between themselves and others

attitudes, beliefs, values

terms commonly used when discussing the audience for media products and the factors influencing the reception of media messages.

two-dimensional presentation aid

Pictures, Diagrams etc.

Pie/line/picture graph

Graphs showing information

small group communication

communication occurring within small groups of three or more people with common purposes

Team in small groups

A team with three or four people

Leadership

The action of leading a group of people or an organization

consensus

general agreement

authoritarian leader

an individual who leads by giving orders

transformational leaders

leaders who inspire followers to focus on common, long-term goals

laizzes faire leaders

Leaders who don't interfere

democratic leader

an individual who leads by trying to reach a consensus

agenda

Plan of action; purpose

acommodation

adapting one's current understandings to incorporate new information

fact

A statement that can be proved.

Social Judgement Theory

perception and evaluation of an idea by comparing it with current attitudes

lattitude of acceptance

The more you care about something, the more narrow this is.

lattitude of rejection

the range of ideas that a person sees as unreasonable or objectionable

lattitude of noncommitment

The positions which are neither accepted nor rejected

inductive and deductive reasoning

inductive: specific to general

deductive: general to specific

Falacy

a false notion or mistaken belief

either/or fallacy

oversimplifying an issue as offering only two choices

Fallacy: Ad Hominem

Attack on the user instead of the argument

bandwagon fallacy

suggesting that because everyone believes something or does something, it must be valid, accurate, or effective

fallacy of hasty generalization

a generalization based on a sample that is too small to support it

Ethos

credibility

Logos

Appeal to logic

Pathos

Appeal to emotion

Irony

A contrast between expectation and reality

demagogue

a leader who appeals to citizens' emotions to obtain power

cause and effect

The reason something happens and the result of it happening.

Refutation in persuasive speaking

You should persuade instead of prove