Logic Quiz (LNC - 3 fallacies)

epistemology

knowledge is also known as…

justified true belief

what is knowledge?

justified true belief

• judging a proposition

• assenting to/dissenting to

logical consequence

premise + conclusion 

reasoning

expressed in arguments

proof

latin:argumentai

argument

___________ doesn’t equal assertion

justification

knowledge needs _________?

premises

source of conclusion

deductive + inductive 

types of arguments 

deductive (certainty)

conclusion already contained in the premises

inductive (probability)

conclusion goes beyond premises

reasoning, self-evident propositions, observation, testimony

justification types

logic

self-evident propositions and reasoning are apart of….

observation

I see the car parked on Southern Blvd.

self-evident propositions

(no observation) truth or falsehood is known by the mere meaning of the terms

• 1+1=2

• whales are mammals

reasoning

All whales are mammals, Moby Dick is a whale, therefore Moby Dick is a mammal

testimony 

believing the word of the other 

LNC

law of noncontradiction

LNC

• universal

• first principle of thought

  • created by Aristotle (384-322)

  • opposite assertions cannot be both true

  • both can’t be false —> illegal

contradict

judgements ___________ judgements

cannot contradict 

truth __________ truth

knowledgable claims

judgement = ________________

knowledge

How do we adjucate between opposite propositions?

cannot

opposite assertions _______ both be true!

deductive arguments 

arguments such that if

(a) the premises are true

(b) the form is valid, then the conclusion is necessarily true (proof through reasoning)

valid form (validity)

a form such that there are no instances where the premises are true and the conclusion is unknown

propositions

truth = ?

form

valid = ?

argument 

sound = ?

soundness

argument with the premises + valid form

validity

________ only applies to deductive arguments

conclusion

_____________ of a sound argument is necessarily true

Fallacies 

common but incorrect reasoning  

straw man

to misrepresent the opponents position by drawing an inaccurate conclusion to disparage the position

appeal to popularity (ad populum)

1. everyone thinks x.

2. Hence, x is true

slippery slope

to conclude (unjustifiably) that a dire consequence will follow if a certain action is taken

affirmation

It is the case that….

negation

It is not the case that….