EDHS Constant production

Exam 2

Vowels are produced

when air flow from the lungs is unobstructed. Each vowel is produced with a different configuration of tongue and lip movements(the filter we impose on the incoming frequencies)

Consonants are produced with more

articulatory movement and more constriction than vowels

Sonorants (nasals, liquids, glides) similar to vowels:

-free airflow; articulation shapes vocal tract cavities

-Characterized mainly by formant frequencies

-Have a periodic laryngeal source (all voiced)

Obstruents (stops, fricatives, affricates)

-blocked or restricted airflow

-Have a-periodic sound sources in upper vocal tract

-may be voiced or voiceless

Voiced consonants (includes all sonorants/resonants): periodic laryngeal source

periodic laryngeal source

Voiceless consonants:

-Supra glottal noise sources (ex/[t])

-Aperiodic laryngeal source: [h] noise, aspiration

Obstruents: supra glottal noise sources:

-Stop bursts:release built up pressure; transient noise (example [p])

-Frication: air forced through a narrow channel becomes turbulent; sustained noise (example [s])

Voiced obstruents

combine periodic and aperiodic sources (example [b])

Production of approximates

• Have limited articulatory constrictions that alter resonant frequencies

• formant transitions typically faster than for vowels

• Classification as consonants based on syllable position:

  -consonants occur on periphery

  -vowels form the nucleus

Glides: [j]

-production similar to [j]:

• High, front tongue position

• genioglossus active

-Formant values similar to [j]:

• Low F1

• High F2

Formant transitions vary depending on adjacent vowels

Glides:[w]

Production similar to [u]:

• High, back tongue position, rounded lips

• Styloglossus, orbicularis oris active

Formant values similar to [u]

• low F1

• Low F2

Formant transitions vary depending on adjacent vowels

Liquids [I], [r]

-Articulation: tongue-tip raised toward alveolar ridge (superior longitudinal muscle)

-[I]: Tongue-tip contact with alveolar ridge: -sides of the tongue down : lateral

-[r]: No tongue tip contact with alveolar ridge: Often retroflexed,-often has lip rounding

Acoustics of [l r] evident in F2 and especially F3:F3 low for [r]- F3 high for [l]

Oral speech sounds and the velum

-Velum: soft palate

-Pharynx: the throat cavity

-Velopharyngeal port (VP): the passageway connecting the oral and nasal. cavities

-For oral sounds the VP remains closed

Most speech sounds are oral (non-nasal):

-soft palate elevated aganist posterior pharyngeal wall

-velopharyngeal (VP) port closed

-Levator palatini muscle active

-Degree of VP closure varies with Phonetic context

• Tighter for oral obstruents (require airtight seal) [e.g., /k/]

• Moderate for high vowels ([i][u])

• Looser for low vowels [a]

Nasal speech sounds and the velum

-Levator palatini muscle is relaxed

-Palatoglossus muscle may actively lower velum

Nasals require open VP port (lowered velum):

-Levator palatini muscle is relaxed

-Palatoglossus muscle may actively lower velum

-Nasal Cavities form a resonant chamber

In nasal stops, the oral cavity is blocked at teh same places of articulation as for the stops:

-At the lips [m] more

-At the alveolar ridge [n] nut

-At the soft palate [n] king

Acoustics of nasal stops

Opening the VP port creates a large resonant cavity:

• Results in low-frequency nasal resonance ( c. 200-300 Hz)

Amplitude is low:

-Anti-resonances attenuate energy in some frequencies

-large resonating space yeilds high damping

-Soft walls of nasal cavities absorb energy

-Acoustic radiation through nostrils is attenuated because of relatively small openings

Production of fricatives

A- periodic sound source in upper vocal tract

-Airflow forced through constriction creates turbulence

Producing non-sibilant fricatives

Labiodental fricatives (f v):

• lower lip approximates upper incisors

• Orbicularis oris inferior active

Lingua-dental fricatives

• Tongue tip approximates upper incisors

• Superior Longitudinal tongue muscles active

Virtually no cavity anterior to constriction:

• Low-intensity frication (noise)

• Frication (noise) has a wide frequency bandwidth

Producing Sibilant fricatives

Alveolar fricatives:

• Tongue forms constriction at alveolar ridge

• Air flows through midline groove of tongue against teeth

• Short anterior cavity emphasizes high frequencies

Post-alveolar fricatives:

• Tongue forms groove in alveo-palatal region

• Lips are often rounded

• Longer anterier cavity emphasizes lower frequencies

  Frication (noise) stronger in non sibilants

Production of stops

Complete articulatory closure in oral cavity

• The velo-pharyngeal port (VP) is closed

• Intraoral pressure (Pio) rises during closure

• Pio drops at release (vented through mouth unless following stop is nasal, as in hIdn) (hidden)

• Oral release yields a transient noise source, also called a release-burst

• Audibly released stops also called plosives

Voicing lead:

-Vocal folds approximated throughout stop closure

-Closure may be voiced

Short-lag

-Vocal folds adducted by the time the stop is releases

-Silent closure: voicing begins on release or just after

Long-Lag:

-vocal folds adduct after the stop is released

-Voicing is delayed; the stop is aspirated