AP Psychology

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118 Terms

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regression to the mean
extremes in measurement tend to eventually return to an average level
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attribution theory
how we explain the behaviors of others
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dispositional attribution
behavior is due to aspects of a person’s personality
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situational attribution
behavior is due to aspects of a person’s environment
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fundamental attribution theory
tendency to make dispositional attributions when situational attributions are more accurate
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ultimate attribution error
tendency to view causes for behavior with bias based on whether the behavior is ours or that of others
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defensive attribution/just world phenomenon
tendency to assume that when bad things happen to people, they brought it upon themselves
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cognitive dissonance
the feeling of conflict when our actions and our attitudes don’t match up
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compliance
getting other people to do what we want
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foot-in-the-door technique
getting someone to agree to something small increases the likelihood of them agreeing to something larger at a later time
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door-in-the-face technique
making a large request (refused) leads to a higher likelihood of success when something smaller is requested
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Stanly Milgram
the study of electric shocks on learning (teacher, student)
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conformity
changing our behavior to match the behavior of others
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chameleon effect
the unconscious mimicking of behavior
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normative social influence
changing behavior in order to gain acceptance or avoid rejection
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informational social influence
changing behaviors based on the trust of the expertise/credibility of others
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Soloman Asch
the line comparison task study
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central route to persuasion
when the content of the message is what convinces someone to act in a certain way
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peripheral route to persuasion
when superfluous details of a message are what convinces someone to act a certain way
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social facilitation
the presence of others enhances performance on mastered tasks
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social impairment
the presence of others hinders performance on difficult tasks
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social loafing
tendency for people working together to put out less effort than they would if they were working alone
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deindividuation
losing inhibitions due to anonymity of being in a group
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group polarization
enhancement of a group’s shared attitude through discussion
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groupthink
erroneous thinking that results from a group of people who usually agree with one another making decisions
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prejudice
an unjustified attitude toward a group of people (cognitive)
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discrimination
actions taken based on prejudice (behavioral)
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social cognitive theory
improperly formed or used schemas cause prejudice
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social identity theory
comparisons between ourselves and others cause prejudice
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social catigorization
recognizing groups of people based on some criterion
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social identification
recognizing which groups we belong to (ingroups and outgroups)
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social comparison
making judgements about ingroups and outgroups
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positive distinctiveness
thinking and feeling favorably about oneself
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ingroup bias
preferring others who are similar to oneself
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outgroup discrimination
thinking unfavorably about others who are dissimilar about oneself
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scapegoating
unjustifiably taking out negative emotions on another group
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approach-approach conflict
when two options are equally appealing
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avoidance-avoidance conflict
when two options are equally unappealing
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approach-avoidance conflict
when a single option has some appealing aspects and some unappealing aspects
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frustration-aggression principle
obstacles to achieving goals cause frustration which in turn increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior
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social trap
when decisions made based on personal interests rather than the best outcome for the group cause an unpleasant outcome for all
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superordinate goals
shared goals between conflicting parties that force cooperation
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mere exposure affect
proximity increases familiarity and liking
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Robert Sternberg
triangular theory of love: intimate love, commitment love, passionate love
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consummate love
a love embodying all three from the triangle theory of love
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altruism
selfless concern for the well-being of others
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bystander affect
the likelihood of giving aid decreases when other people are present
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social exchange theory
decisions about whether to help someone in need are based on a personal cost-benefit analysis
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reciprocity norm
helping another person is expected if they have helped us in the past
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social responsibility norm
helping another person is expected whenever possible because it is the right thing to do
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Phillip Zimbardo
Stanford prison experiment - studied the effect of assigned social roles and expectations of behavior
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prototype
another term for schema - a mental conception of something
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categories
a hierarchy for mental organization (superordinate, basic, subordinate)
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confirmation bias
the tendency to only accept information that supports a pre-existing belief
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belief perseverence
clinging to initial conclusions, even after they have been discredited
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framing
the way in which information is presented; may alter cognition about the information
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insight
the mental experience of reaching a solution to a problem
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algorithm
a method for problem-solving that involves examining every possible solution; guarantees accuracy, but can be time consuming
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heuristic
a method for problem solving that involves using a rule to eliminate possible answers; faster process, but can be error-prone
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availability heuristic
judging the likelihood of something based on how easily it comes to mind
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representativeness heuristic
judging the likelihood of something based on how well it fits in a prototype/schema
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convergent thinking
the type of mental processing necessary to solve a problem that has a single answer
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divergent thinking
the type of mental processing necessary to solve a problem that has multiple possible answers
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mental set
a common problem-solving error that involves solving a problem in a familiar way based on past experiences (3 jugs problem)
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fixation
inability to solve a problem due to a lack of necessary perspective
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functional fixation
inability to see the uses of an object beyond its originally intended purpose
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phonemes
the most basic sounds that make up a language
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morphemes
basic sound elements of a language that have meaning; made up of phonemes
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grammar
the rules for using a language
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semantics
the use of words to accurately and meaningfully convey an idea
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syntax
the correct arrangement of word order for a language
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critical period
a limited window of developmental opportunity during which a particular skill (language) ins most easily learned
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babbling stage
speaking includes phonemes, but no application of words or grammar
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holophrastic stage
the use of one word to convey meaning
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telegraphic stage
the use of two meaningfully connected words to convey meaning
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syntax stage
the use of words that includes the beginnings of grammatical rules and beyond
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B.F. Skinner
Operant Learning Theory - language is learned through imitation and consequences that follow
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Noam Chomsky
inborn universal grammar - the capacity to learn language is innate (LAD)
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Benjamin Whorf
linguistic determinism - the language we use and the ways that we think about the world are connected
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Alfred Binet
created the original IQ test comparing chronological age to mental age
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Lewis Terman
created the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test
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David Wechsler
created WPPSI, WISC, WAIS
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Charles Spearman
believed that the most accurate measure of intelligence was a single, overall score embodying all of their intellectual skills
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savant syndrome
disabled people having one ability that surpasses the general population
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Howard Gardner
8 multiple ways to be intelligent
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Robert Sternberg
3 ways to be intelligent
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achievement test
an assessment that measures one’s accumulated knowledge about a subject/topic
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aptitude test
an assessment that predicts one’s success in some future endeavor or task
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reliability
the extent to which an assessment yields consistent results
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validity
the extent to which an assessment yields consistent results
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stereotype threat
a self confirming concern that one will be evaluated on a negative stereotype
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flynn effect
a recorded increase in average IQ that occurs with each new generation
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down syndrome
a genetic cause of intellectual disability; caused by a trisomy of chromosome 21
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fragile X syndrome
a genetic cause of intellectual disability; caused by mutation errors on the X chromosome
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Wolfgang Kohler
non-human animal cognition; researched problem-solving strategies of other animals and found that it is pretty similar to humans
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DSM-5
the diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders - 5th edition; Encyclopedia of symptoms, causes and Research on all psych disorders
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Aaron Beck
The cognitive triad of depression; negative thoughts about oneself, the world, and the future
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Albert Ellis
rational emotive therapy; the therapist questions and challenges the unrealistic cognition of the client, picking it apart over time
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Suicide
more attempts by women but more completions by men; more in the elderly
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physical dependance
ones biological need for a drug, marked by alterations to the body’s internal chemistry