Geography - Paper 1, Section C

Overview -

What are the main upland + lowland areas in the UK?

Upland: Scotland, North Wales, Lake District, Pennines.

Lowland: South East England, East Anglia.

Overview -

What are the main rock types in the UK?

Igneous (e.g. granite), sedimentary (e.g. limestone, chalk), + metamorphic (e.g. slate, schist).

Coastal Landscapes in the UK - Coastal Processes -

What is mechanical weathering?

Breakdown of rock without chemical change.

Coastal Landscapes in the UK - Coastal Processes -

What is chemical weathering?

Breakdown of rock by chemical reactions.

Coastal Landscapes in the UK - Coastal Processes -

What is mass movement?

The downhill movement of material due to gravity.

Coastal Landscapes in the UK - Coastal Processes -

What are the four types of coastal erosion?

Hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, solution.

Coastal Landscapes in the UK - Coastal Processes -

What are the four types of transportation in the sea?

Traction, saltation, suspension, solution.

Coastal Landscapes in the UK - Coastal Processes -

What is longshore drift?

The movement of sediment along the coast by wave action at an angle.

Coastal Landscapes in the UK - Coastal Erosional Landforms -

How is a wave-cut platform formed?

Erosion forms a wave-cut notch; the cliff collapses + retreats, leaving a platform.

Coastal Landscapes in the UK - Coastal Erosional Landforms -

How are headlands + bays formed?

Through differential erosion of hard + soft rock.

Coastal Landscapes in the UK - Coastal Erosional Landforms -

How are caves, arches, stacks, + stumps formed?

Erosion of cracks in a headland enlarges into a cave, which becomes an arch. The arch collapses, forming a stack, which erodes into a stump.

Coastal Landscapes in the UK - Coastal Deposition & Landforms -

How are beaches formed?

By deposition of sediment in sheltered areas, usually in bays.

Coastal Landscapes in the UK - Coastal Deposition & Landforms -

How is a spit formed?

Longshore drift transports material, which builds up across a river mouth / bay; it may develop a hooked end + form a salt marsh behind it.

Coastal Landscapes in the UK - Coastal Management -

What are hard engineering strategies for managing coasts?

Sea walls, groynes, rock armour (riprap), gabions.

Coastal Landscapes in the UK - Coastal Management -

What are soft engineering strategies?

Beach nourishment, dune regeneration, managed retreat.

Coastal Landscapes in the UK - Coastal Management -

What is managed retreat?

Allowing low-value land to flood to reduce pressure on defences elsewhere.

Coastal Landscapes in the UK - Coastal Management -

Give a case study of a coastal management scheme in the UK.

Holderness Coast: use of rock armour + groynes to reduce erosion threatening settlements + infrastructure.

River Landscapes in the UK - River Processes -

What are the four types of river erosion?

Hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, solution.

River Landscapes in the UK - River Processes -

What are the four types of transportation in rivers?

Traction, saltation, suspension, solution.

River Landscapes in the UK - River Processes -

What is deposition + when does it occur?

Deposition is when a river loses energy + drops its sediment. Occurs on inside bends / where the river slows down.

River Landscapes in the UK - River Landforms (Upper Course) -

What are the characteristics of the upper course of a river?

Steep gradient, narrow, shallow channel, vertical erosion.

River Landscapes in the UK - River Landforms (Upper Course) -

How are interlocking spurs formed?

In the upper course, the river winds around hard rock, creating protruding ridges.

River Landscapes in the UK - River Landforms (Upper Course) -

How are waterfalls + gorges formed?

Waterfalls form over bands of hard rock; erosion undercuts the softer rock, leading to collapse + retreat forming a gorge.

River Landscapes in the UK - River Landforms (Middle & Lower Course) -

How are meanders formed?

Through lateral erosion on the outside bend + deposition on the inside bend.

River Landscapes in the UK - River Landforms (Middle & Lower Course) -

How are ox-bow lakes formed?

A meander becomes very curved, the neck is cut off during a flood, + deposition seals off the old meander.

River Landscapes in the UK - River Landforms (Middle & Lower Course) -

What are floodplains + how do they form?

Wide, flat areas formed by repeated flooding + deposition of sediment.

River Landscapes in the UK - River Landforms (Middle & Lower Course) -

What is a levee?

Natural embankments formed by sediment deposited during flood events.

River Landscapes in the UK - River Landforms (Middle & Lower Course) -

What is an estuary?

A tidal mouth of a river where fresh + saltwater mix; important for mudflats + salt marshes.

River Landscapes in the UK - River Management -

What are hard engineering strategies for rivers?

Dams + reservoirs, channel straightening, embankments, flood relief channels.

River Landscapes in the UK - River Management -

What are soft engineering strategies for rivers?

Flood warnings, preparation, floodplain zoning, planting trees (aforestation).

River Landscapes in the UK - River Management -

Give a UK case study of a river management scheme.

Banbury (River Cherwell) : flood storage areas, earth embankments, pumping stations, biodiversity improvements.