Principles of Disease Ch. 1: Mechanisms of Disease, Diagnosis, and Treatment

1. Immune disorders
2. Chronic Illnesses
3. Medications

What can acute inflammatory response be inhibited (blocked) by?

- sores that do not heal
- unusual bleeding
- a change in wart or mole
- a lump or thickening of any tissue
- persistent hoarseness or cough
- chronic indigestion
- change in bowel or bladder function
- bone pain that wakes one at night and is located on only one side

Warning signs of cancer include...

runny nose, wheezing, redness, heat, swelling, itching

What are the symptoms of allergens?

- thought process impairment
- disrupted sleep patterns
- changes in personality
- crying/showing signs of withdrawal

What are the effects of psychological pain?

Age, gender, and heredity

What are non changeable predisposing factors?

redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function, etc.

Acute inflammatory response is marked by...

acute inflmmatory response

Process that attempts to minimize injury to tissues such as cuts or burns

1. Direct/indirect physical contact
2. Body fluids/blood
3. Inhalation
4. Indigestion
5. Insect/animal

What are the modes of transmission for infections? (five)

- tobacco smoke
- heavy use of alcohol
- exposure to carcinogens
- high fat low fiber diet
- excessive exposure to sunlight/uv
- sedentary lifestyle
- exposure to radiation

Cancer risk factors include...

- surgery
- radiation
- chemotherapy
- hormone therapy
- immunotherapy
- palliative surgery

What are some cancer treatments?

- hypersensitivity reaction (allergy)
- Autoimmune disease
- Immunodeficiency disorder

What are some immune disorders?

An exposure to an allergen which acts as an antigen which triggers the release of histamine

What is a hypersensitivity reaction?

grass, dust, bites, rubber, latex, bee stings, food, poison ivy

What are some common allergens of hypersensitivity reaction?

Simulation of nociceptors found on free nerve endings
- impulses travel through spinal cords to brain
- signals injury/tissue damage
- may travel another path, resulting in pain in another part of body

Physiology of Pain:

- Analgesics
- Opiods (narcotics)
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
- Antidepressants
- Anticonvulsants
- Antispasmodics

What are some pain medications?

feelings of sadness, despair, anger, depression, helplessness, hopelessness

What is psychological pain?

Homeostasis

Internal stability of the body

Signs

Indicators that can be seen or measured by someone else other than the patient; objective findings.

Redness, swelling, and fever

What are some examples of signs?

Symptoms

Findings that are felt by the patient that cannot be measured; subjective

Headache, nausea, and fatigue

What are some examples of symptoms?

A sign is objective and can be measured/seen by someone else other than the patient. A symptom is subjective and can only be felt/"measured" by the patient.

What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?

Etiology

The study off the cause of a disease
Example: pneumonia -- virus or bacterium

Diagnosis

Identification or naming of the disease/condition

Prognosis

Predicted/expected outcome of the disease
Example: common cold -- should feel better in 7-10 days

1. Subjective Data -- info the patient tells you (symptoms that cannot be measured)
2. Objective Data -- what the physician observes during the exam (what you can measure like fever)
3. Assessment -- assessment of the patient's problem that leads to diagnosis (you have ___ )
4. Plan -- treatment plan to correct the illness/problem (medication or PT)

What is SOAP?

Acute Illness

Illness that is usually abrupt with symptoms that present themselves in hours/days. Lasts less than six months.

Chronic Illness

Illness that onsets slower with an indefinite duration.

A acute illness is a illness that lasts less than six months with symptoms that present themselves fast. A chronic illness is a illness that onsets slower, grows from acute, and the duration is indefinite.

What is the difference in an acute illness and chronic illness?

1. Age -- body changes when you get older
2. Gender -- females are at higher risk for heart attacks/birth risks
3. Lifestyle -- eating habits/tobacco or alcohol use
4. Environment -- pollution or unsafe neighborhoods
5. Stress -- stress is hard on the body
6. Heredity/Genetics -- passed down in families

What are predisposing factors of disease and why are they factors? (six)

Lifestyle (tobacco/drugs, obesity, etc.)
Environmental (climate, pollution, etc.)

What are changeable predisposing factors?

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa

What are the pathogenic agents of infections?

1. Natural/chemical barriers
2. Inflammatory response
3. Immune response

What are the body's defense systems against infection?

Cancer

A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth

Benign Tumors

Tumors that develop and grow very slowly. They are usually not life threatening and self-contained.

Malignant Tumors

Tumors where the cells multiply rapidly and invade surrounding tissue. They are often recurrent.

Men: PSA test (prostate-specific antigen) and testicular self-exam

Women: pap-smear, mammogram, breast self-exam

What are the cancer screening guidelines for men and women?

mild to life threatening from sneezing to anaphylactic shock

What are the symptoms of hypersensitivity reaction?

airborne

Most allergens are...