APUSH Review (Periods 1 and 2)

Pueblo

a name for the Native Americans of the present-day southwestern US Pueblos were also apartment like structures make of adobe and mud that formed the "towns" of the pueblo people

Chinook

Native Americans living in the Pacific Northwest of the present- day united States.

Iroquois

Native Americans found living in the present-day northeastern United States.

Algonquin

Native Americans found living over a large area from the Atlantic coast to the Great Lakes.

small pox

Infectious disease brought to America by the Spanish that devastated native populations.

Mestizo

A term used by the Spanish that referred to a people whose ancestors were both European and American Indian.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of people, plants, and animals between Europe, Africa, and North America that occurred after Columbus's arrival in the Western Hemisphere.

encomienda system

Spanish System to regulate and control Native Americans. The Spanish crown granted Spanish colonists a specific number of natives for whom they were to take responsibility.

Christopher Columbus

1492, led a voyage to present-day Bahamas and claimed the land he explored for the king and queen of Spain. By 1504, he had made 4 voyages to America.

Juan Ponce de Leon

Claimed Florida for the King of Spain, 1513

Walter Raleigh

Englishman who sponsored the failed attempt to establish an English colony at Roanoke.

Roanoke

1586 First attempt by the English to establish a colony in America. The settlers on Roanoke Island, which is located off the coast of North Carolina, was managed badly and when an expedition with expedition arrived in 1590, the colonists were gone. What happened to the colonist remains a mystery.

joint stock companies

Businesses owned by shareholders that invested in exploration and colonization

Juan de Sepulveda

Spaniard who supported the Spanish Empire's right of conquest and colonization in the New World. He also argued in favor of the Christianize of Native Americans.

Bartolome de las Casas

Spaniard who fought against the enslavement and colonial abuse of Native Americans.

Spanish Mission System

The Spanish network of missions in the New World established to bring Christianity to Native Americans who were required to learn the Spanish language, as well as Christian teachings.

African American Religion

African slaves mixed African beliefs and beliefs and practices with Catholic rituals and theology, resulting in the formation of entirely new religions such as Vaudou in Haiti (later referred to as "voodoo), Santaria in Cuba, and Candombie in Brazil.

Astrolabe

Instrument for measuring the position of the sun and stars; using these readings, navigators could calculate their latitude (their distance north and south of the equator).

Conquistadors

Spanish soldiers who conquered Indian civilizations.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

Tobacco

Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown

John Smith

English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia

Powhatan Confederacy

Alliance of Native American tribes living in the region of the initial Virginia settlement. They tried to live in peace with the English settlers when they arrived in 1607.

Indentured Servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Virginia Company

Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. Charter guarantees new colonists same rights as people back in England.

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill"

City on a Hill (John Winthrop)

believed Puritans had a covenant with God to lead new religious experiment in the New World; his strong leadership helped the colony to succeed

Thomas Hooker

A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government.

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

Halfway Covenant (1662)

A Puritan compromise that allowed the unconverted children of Puritans who had fallen away from the church to become halfway members of the church. The Covenant allowed these halfway members to baptize their own children even though they themselves were not full members of the church because they had not experienced full conversion. Massachusetts ministers accepted this compromise and it signified a drop in the religious zeal or mission that had characterized Massachusetts in its change in the religious character of New England Society.

Pequot War

1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

King Philip's War

1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

House of Burgesses

Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618.

Bacon's Rebellion

A rebellion with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attempt to gain more land

Stono Rebellion

The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go.

Triangle Trade

a trade route that exchanged goods between the West Indies, the American colonies, and West Africa

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

Salutary Neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

George Whitefield

English clergyman who was known for his ability to convince many people through his sermons. He involved himself in the Great Awakening in 1739 preaching his belief in gaining salvation.