Lesson 5c. Radiate Animals

Phylum Cnidaria

Phylum Ctenophora

Radiate animals: Phylum Ctenophora

These phyla are characterized by radial or biradial symmetry

Radiate animals: Phylum Ctenophora

their bodies are arranged around a central axis

Biradial symmetry

_____ means that the body can be divided into mirrored halves ONLY along 2 planes that pass through the central axis

Both phyla have two well developed germ layers (endoderm and ectoderm), a third layer, mesoderm is present in some

General Characteristics of both Phyla: Phylum Ctenopora and Phylum Cnidaria

phylum Cnidaria, gastrovascular cavity

_________They have an internal body cavity called _______ with a single opening that acts as both mouth and anus

tentacles

Most radiates have _____ that aid in food capture

Radiates, protoneurons, nerve net, central nervous system

_________have the simplest form of true nerve cells (__) but nerves are arranged as a _______ with no _____

Radiates

____ have the simplest forms of sense organs

Statocyst, Ocelli

______ maintain equilibrium and _____ are photosynthetic

Muscular contractions or ciliary comb plates

Radiates can move by _____ or ____, but most forms are best adapted for floating or being carries by currents

classes hydrozoa, scyphozoa, and anthozoa

Phylum Cnidaria classes:

-all are aquatic and radial symmetry

• primarily sessile or floating

• more specialize than sponges

• contains nematocysts (stinging cells) that is found on cells called Cnidocytes

• have two body forms: Polyp and Medusa

Characteristics of Cnidaria:

Phylum Cnidaria, nematocysts, cnidocytes

____ contains ____( stinging cells) that are found in cells called _____

Polyp and Medusa

Two body forms of Phylum Cnidaria:

Polyp

tubular body with tentacles: example hydra

Medusa

bell shaped and free swimming: example jellyfish

Class Hydrozoa, velum

________members of this class exhibit the polyp or medusa form. the medusa form has a ______ (ring of tissues that is found at the base of the tentacles)

Velum

ring of tissues that is found at the base of the tentacles)

hydra obelia portuguese man of war

Representatives of Class Hydrozoa:

Hydra

___ are the freshwater Hydrozoa representative

Hydra

Typically sessile polyps

underside of aquatic leaves and lily pads

the normal habitat for hydra is the _______ and ____ in the water of ponds and streams

16

Hydra are found throughout the world with ___ species in North America alone

25-30

Hydra body plan: its body can extend to a length of _____ millimeter's

Hydra

it is a cylindrical tube with a stalk like end and an attachment end

Basal disk

the _____ is the attachment end that contains gland cells to allow adhesion

hypostome, gastrovascular cavity

The mouth (_____) opens to the _____

Hydra

body forms: six to ten tentacles surround the mouth.

Tentacles, nematocysts

____ are hollow and extendable

• they contain _______ (coiled stinging cells used to get food and provide protection)

Ectoderm,

• Epitheliomuscular cells,

• Interstitial cells,

• Gland cells,

• Cnidocytes

• nerve cells

Endoderm Mesoglea

Body wall of Hydra:

Ectoderm

outer layer or epidermis; contains many types of cells

Epitheliomuscular cells

responsible for muscular contractions

undifferentiated stem cells that become most other types of cells

Gland cells

secretes an adhesive substance that aids in the attachment process

Cnidocytes

____ contain nematocysts

Nerve cells

____ multipolar neurons

Endoderm

gastrodermis: inner layer that contains muscular, gland and interstitial cell

muscular, gland and interstitial cell

Gastrodermis:

Locomotion Response Digestion Excretion Respiration Nervous Reproduction

Processes of the Hydra:

Locomotion

floats and moves by somersaulting motion

Response

____when disturbed, it will contract and form a small ball

Gastrovascular cells, Gastrodermal cells

Digestion: food enters the ______ that is lined with _____

• some discrete digestive enzymes that partially digest food

Gastrodermal cells

Digestion of hydra: partially digested food is taken in by the ____ when digestion is complete

Excretion, Metabolic wastes and carbon dioxide

______Digestive wastes are expelled through the mouth

• _____ and ____ are discharged into water

Respiration

oxygen diffuses from water into cells

nerve net, epidermis and gastrodermis

Nervous contains a _____ that consists of interconnected nerve cells located at the base of the _____ and ___

nerve net

this is a primitive type of nervous system

• it controls movement and tentacles

• NO BRAIN

Budding or regeneration

Reproduction of Hydra occurs by asexual reproduction through _____ or ___

• miniature versions break off of mature organisms and grow to maturity

gonads, autumn

Reproduction of Hydra occurs by sexual reproduction when temporary _____- develop in the ___

Reproduction, eggs, sperm

________the ovaries produce ____ and the testis produce _____

cyst, warm weather

The developing embryos are encased in a ____to protect them from harsh winters. ______ stimulates the "hatching" of new hydras

Class Schyphozoa (Scyphozoa)

_____ means cup animal

cup animal

Scyphozoa mean _____

Jellyfish (Aurelia)

The most common representative of Class Scyphozoa are_____

Class Scyphozoa _____ form is for sexual reprooduction

Planula larva

Class Scyphozoa zygotes develop into a ______ which swims around and then settles to form the polyp form

Class Scyphozoa

The polyp form produces more of the medusa form

nematocyst

The Jellyfish, tentacles of the medusa have a ______ that gives human painful stings

toxin, toxic

all jellyfish contains _____ but some ae more ___ than others

Bos jellies

many of the ______ are considered to be more dangerous

Irukandji jellyfish

____ is considered the most deadly of the jellyfish (There are actually multiple species)

Irukandji jellyfish

it is only one centimeter cubes at its largest, while many are 5mm or less in diameter

• its small size makes it almost invisible in the marine waters off of Australis coast.

Planula larva polyp strobila ephyra medua-mobile phase

Life cycle of a jellyfish

Class Anthozoa, sea anemones and corals

____ means "flower animal"

• common representatives are the ____ and ___

Anthozoans

____lack a medusa stage

marine

All anthozoans are ____, found in both deep and shallow water, and vary in size

Anthozoans

____are solitary or colonial

Anthozoans, gastrovascular cavity

____ contain a large gastrovascular cavity that is separated by divisions called ____, which are inward projections of the body wall

polyp, hydrozoan polyp

the ____ of sea anemones are larger and heavier than ____

Pedal discs

Sea anemones attach to shells, rocks or timber by _____. Some burrow in sand or mud

Oral disc

Sea anemones, a crown of tentacles surrounds the flat ____

Pharynx

Sea anemones, a slit shaped mouth leads into a _____

Gastrovascular cavity, Primary septa

Sea anemones _________ is divided into 6 pairs of _______

when in danger

________, water is rapidly expelled through pores as the anemones contracts to a small size

sea anemones, mucus

Some anemones fishes shelter in _____ and have a skin ____ that protects them from triggering nematocysts

polyp body form

Corals display only the _____

Coral reefs

____ have a great productivity , rivaled only by tropical rain forest

Calcium carbonate

living plants and animals are limited to the top layer above the _____ deposits

global warming, carbon dioxide

coral reefs are suffering from ______ and high concentrations of _____

Corals

____also has a large economic value

hard skeleton

when corals dies, the _______ remains

jewelry

the skeletons of corals produce coral reefs and can also be used to create _____

-composed of fewer than 100 species, all of which are marine and primarily found in warm waters

Characteristics of Ctenophora

Ctenophora

all are formed from 8 rows of comblike plates that function in locomotion

Ctenophora

Has a combination of radial and biradial symmetry

mesoglea

Ctenophora has endoderm and ectoderm with ___ in between

nematocyst, colloblasts

Ctenophora does not contain ____ but do contain adhesive cells called ______ that re used to capture prey

Class Tentacula

has tentacles that may or may not have sheaths into which they retract

• some have flatten tentacles for creeping

Pleurobrachia

Representative of Class Tentacula:

Statocyst

Body forms of Class Tentacula: -its body is 1.5 - 2 cm in diameter and has a sense organs called ______ near the mouth

comb rows, comb plates

Class tentacula its surface has 8 equally spaced bands called _____ that hav long fused cilia called ____

cilia

movement is accomplished by the wavelike beating of the ___

two

Class Tentacula has ____ tentacles that are very long and extensible that may also be retracted into tentacle sheaths

colloblasts

Class Tentacula the surface of the tentacles are covered with _____ (glue cells) that could catch or hold small animals

• Pleurobrachia

gastrovascular system

Class Tentacula, (digestion) has a _____ that consists of a mouth, pharynx, stomach and a system of gastrovascular canals

intracellular and extracellular, 2 anal canals

Digestion of Class Tentacula is both : 2 undigested waste leaves the body through ____

both occur through the body surface

Respiration and excretion of class tentacula

the epidermis contains numerous sensory cells that allow the organism to be sensitive to chemicals and other stimuli

Nervous and sensory of class Tentacula