Spine quiz

Primary spine curves (kyphotic)

thoracic and sacral; C shape; convert posteriorly

Secondary curves (lordotic)

cervical and lumbar, convex anteriorly, baby lifts head and starts walking

Atlas

c1, allows flexion and extension

axis

c2, articulates dens, allows rotation

C7

vertebra prominence, more rotation due to more space between

Anterior longitudinal ligament

limits extension, located in cervical and lumbar

Posterior longitudinal ligament

limits flexion, located vertebrae to vertebrae sitting in front of spinal cord

Ligamenta flavum

slight extension for posture, Located posterior side of foramen, connects laminate to lamina, brings spine back to neutral position

interspinal

Limits flexion; spinous process to spinous process, slightly thick

supraspinal ligament

Limits flexion; tip of dorsal horn spinous process below c7

ligamentum nuchae

limits flexion; located in cervical region taking place of the surpaspinal and interspinal ligaments

orientation of facet joints

what determines the ROM between spinal segments?

Increases in congruency for posterior part of spine

Flexion

increases in congruency for anterior part of spine

extension

Hoop effect (jelly donut)

when you compress one side, there will be an opposite effect on the other side

loading in flexion; the higher impact = more shock absorption your discs have to accommodate for

Annulus fibrosus (outer disc)

fibrocartilage that acts like a coiled spring; criss cross arrangement that provides more strength

Nucleus pulpous

gelatinous ball bearing; when loaded it loses water ; has barely nerve innervation

Flexion-relaxation phenomenon

 when the spine is in full flexion, the spinal extensors relax completely, and the flexion torque is supported by spinal ligaments 

General plexus injuries motions

stretching, extension, and rotation

brachial plexus injury

stinger/burner

levator scapula, upper trapezius

Which muscles if scapula is fixed act on the cervical spine?

Sagittal plane flexion

right external obliques (assist and slight rotation)

sagittal plane extension

Right errector spinae (with slight lateral flexion)

frontal plane lateral extension

right quadratus lumborum

transverse rotation contralateral

Right external obliques

Transverse plane rotation ipsilateral

right internal obliques

agonists same side rotation

internal obliques (contracts on the right side & rotates body right)

Agonists of opposite side rotation

External obliques (contracts on the right side & rotates body to left)

Spinal flexion concentric and eccentric muscles

Concentric: Rectus abdominis, external obliques, internal obliques

Eccentric: Erector spinae (controls descent)

Spinal extension eccentric and concentric muscles

Concentric: Erector spinae

Eccentric: Rectus abdominis, external obliques (control extension)

Lateral bending concentric and eccentric muscles

Concentric (same side): Quadratus lumborum, internal & external obliques

Eccentric (opposite side): Opposite-side quadratus lumborum & obliques

Rotation concentric and eccentric muscles

Concentric: External oblique (opposite side), internal oblique (same side)

Eccentric: Opposite-side external & internal obliques

External Oblique – Rotation or No Rotation?

Contralateral Rotation (rotates torso left, away from contracting side)

Internal Oblique – Rotation or No Rotation?

Ipsilateral Rotation (rotates right, toward contracting side)

Erector Spinae – Rotation or No Rotation?

No Rotation (just extension & side bending)

Multifidus and rotatores – Rotation or No Rotation?

Contralateral Rotation (rotates left, away from contracting side)