ciencias

matenme

Water is formed by what type of bond?

covalent bonds

What does the covalent bonds involve

unequal sharing of electrons

What type of bond is the covalent bond in water

polar covalent bond

Which is more electronegative: the oxygen nucleus or the hydrogen nucleus

oxygen nucleus

Intermolecular force of a hydrogen bond, weak or strong?

weak

One pole negative, and the other slightly positive) makes what

dipolarity

A hydrogen bond is not a proper bond but, rather, a **…**

force of attraction

Binding together of two molecules of the same type

cohesion

What is cohesion helpful for?

water transport in plants

Hydrogen bonds can form between water and **other** **polar** molecules, causing water to stick to them.

Adhesion

Hydrogen bonds restrict the movement of water molecules so **a large amount of energy is required in order to** __**increase**__ **the temperature** of water to break these hydrogen bonds.

__**High specific heat capacity**__

To __cool down__, water must lose what

large amounts of energy

When a molecule evaporates it separates from other molecules in a liquid and becomes a vapor molecule. The heat needed to do this is called :

__**High latent heat of vaporization**__

Evaporation has a what effect

cooling

The highest temperature that a substance can reach in a liquid state. 

boiling point

Water remains liquid in a temperature range from

0-100 celsius

Water loving?

hydrophilic

Water hating (or insoluble in water)

hydrophobic

When a molecule evaporates it separates from other molecules in a liquid and becomes a vapor molecule. The heat needed to do this is called:

high latent heat of vaporization

Its partially negative oxygen pole is attracted to positive ions and its partially positive hydrogen pole is attracted to negatively charged ions so that both can dissolve

solvent properties

Water adheres to what in cell walls. 

cellulose molecules

Carbon is able to form how many bonds?

4

With what elements can carbon bond with?

hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. 

Are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, with a proportion of two hydrogen atoms for every oxygen

carbohydrates

Are molecules that are insoluble in water, including steroids, waxes, fatty acids and triglycerides. In common language, triglycerides are fats if they are solid at room temperature or oils if they are liquid at room temperature. 

lipids

Are composed of one or more chains of **amino acids**. All of the amino acids in these chains contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.

Proteins

They are chains of subunits called **nucleotides**, which contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. There are two types of nucleic acid: ribonucleic acid (**RNA**) and deoxyribonucleic acid (**DNA**).

nucleic acids

The formula for ribose

C5, H10, O5

The formula for glucose

C6, H12, O6

The carbon atoms form an unbranched chain. In saturated fatty acids they are bonded to each other by single bonds.

One end of the chain the carbon atom is part of a **carboxyl group.**

lipids

Composed of monomers called **amino-acids**, which join together to form polypeptide chains

proteins

Name the 4 things proteins can bond to.

amine group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, R group.

Each nucleotide consists of 3 components

pentose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

Proteins molecule unit

amino acids

Carbohydrates molecule unit

monosaccharides

Lipids molecule unit

fatty acid + glycerol

Nucleic acids’ molecule unit

nucleotide

Proteins functional group

amino group, -N, -COOH

Carbohydrates functional group

C, H, O, -OH

Lipids functional group

\-COOH

Nucleic acids functional group

pentose, PO4, nitrogenous base

Protein example

elastine, colagene

Carbohydrates example

glucose, galactose

Lipids example

phospholipid, fatty acid, saturated/unsaturated

Nucleic acid example

DNA, RNA

**Sum of all reactions that occur in an organism.**

metabolism

Where does most of the metabolism reactions happen

cytoplasm of cells

2 types of metabolism

catabolism, anabolism

**Is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules** 

catabolism

**Is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules**

anabolism

ribose

glucose

amino acids

fatty acids

**Building blocks of what biomolecules are made of.**

monomers

The monomer for a carbohydrate is called

monosaccharide

Two or more monomer molecules form

polymer

Monosaccharides: Individual units of sugar.

glucose, fructose, ribose

Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides linked together.

maltose, lactose, sucrose

Polysaccharides: Many monosaccharides linked together.

cellulose, starch, glycogen. 

Involves the loss of an –OH from one molecule and an –H from another molecule, which together form H2O

condensation

Linking together monosaccharides to form disaccharides and polysaccharides is a ___ process

anabolic

What is the most abundant organic molecule in nature.

\

cellulose

Cellulose is a what of glucose molecules. 

polymer

What are the cell walls of plant cells are made of

cellulose

Starch is hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

hydrophilic

Lipids are what in water

insoluble

What is one of the principal groups of lipid.

triglycerides

The building blocks of lipids are

fatty acids

Contain all de hydrogen possible, simple bonds between carbons (fatty acids)

saturated

Contain less hydrogen, have double bonds between carbons and there are two types:

unsaturated: monounsaturated, polyunsaturated

Unsaturated fatty acids can be

cis or trans

Fatty acids: saturated

animals, vegetables

Fatty acids: unsaturated

trans

Fatty acids: polyunsaturated

omega-3, omega-6

Fatty acids: monounsaturated

omega-9

**What is the function of fats in living organisms?**

stored lipids, heat insulators, shock absorbers, double the amount of released energy

**Amino acids have a central carbon atom with four different atoms or groups linked to it**

hydrogen atom, amine group p, carboxyl group and an r group (radical)

Two amino acids joined together

dipeptide

**Consist of many amino acids linked by peptide bonds.** 

polypeptide

The number of amino acids in a _________ can be anything from 20 to tens of thousands.

polypeptide

**The main factors that cause denaturation** of proteins are:

pH, high temperature

What is a **proteome**

all of the proteins produced by a cell, a tissue or an organism.

What is a genome

all of the genes of a cell, a tissue or an organism.

ctm Functions of proteins (matenme pls)

catalysis, muscle contraction, cytoskeleton, tensile strengthening, blood clotting, transport of nutrients and gases, cell adhesion, membrane transport, hormone, receptors, packing of DNA, immunity

CELL THEORY

**cell is the single unit of life, all living things are made of cells, all new cells come from preexisting cells**

Name of organisms which are only one cell

unicellular

7 functions of life

metabolism, response, nutrition, growth, excretion, homeostasis, reproduction

Name of a single mass of cells, fused together. 

multicellular

DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS IN MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS

bone cells, blood cells, muscle cells, skin cells, nerve cells, endothelial cells

TYPES OF TISSUES

connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue

During early stages of embryonic development cells are capable of dividing many times to produce large amounts of tissue.

stem cells

STEM CELLS NON THERAPEUTIC USES

produce regenerated tissue, treat type 1 diabetes, grow whole replacement organs, produce striated muscle fibers

FUCK ME TYPES OF STEM CELLS

totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, unipotent

NO SE ACABA LA PUTA PRESENTACION 3.1 As cell volume **increases**:

surface area/volume ratio decreases, substances will not enter the cell as quickly as required and waste products will accumulate, energy cells may overheat

EMERGENT PROPERTY

characteristics of the whole organism, including the fact that it is alive

cell differentiation (bruh i give UPPP)

development of cells in different ways to carry out specific functions. 

genetic differentiation

involves the expression of some genes but not others

im sorry pero fuck this ya se la arman con las utimas 3 presentaciones (respuesta: 123)

1234

PREGUNTA 100 organisms that lack nucleus

prokaryotes