HISTORY FINAL BACH HIST 105

Reform Movements

-Rooted in idea that humans can change society

-Most reformers were middle-class women

-Great awakening helped man think that they can change society

Temperance(1810)

-Arguments for temperance

-William Cobbed said that one can ask to drink freely

-People drank a lot of alcohol

-Alcoholic republic

-American temperance union(1883) - people complained that workers didn't work as hard enough

-Humanitarians thought that alcohol leads to poverty

-Problems in family

-Evangelicals promoted morality

-Experience meetings

-Prohibitionists sought american cultural values on these groups

-Lectures, press campaigns, essay contests

Abstinence

-Sale of liquor was going to be prohibited

Prison/Asylum Reform:

-Penitentiary: rehabilitation

-chained,anked,beaten

Auburn Penitentiary in New York in 1860

-Had separate cells

Severe discipline

-No harm to each other

Silenced

-Did community work

Few hospitals for mental illness

-Dorothea dix(catholic): pious boston teacher who taught an Asylum and found the conditions of the people → appealed to court for fixing it

State funded

-Wardens called her a liar

-By 1860 others funded as well

-Perkins School for the blind in Boston

Women's movement

-Cult of Domesticity

-Seneca Falls- July 19 1848 issued a document

-Catherine Beacher - she began to challenge her position as a domestic housewife

-Decl. of Sentiments- self evident that men and women are equal

-Could not vote or have rights to property

-Challenged their position

-Origins of first women's rights movement

-Abolitionist movement

-Elizabeth Cady Stanton- held Seneca Falls convention

-Lucretia Mott - helped write Decl. of Sentiments

-Susan B, Anthony - fought for women's suffrage, anti-slavery

-1839 Michigan gave rights of women to their property

American Colonization Society

- proposed to resettle freed slaves in Africa

-Supporters like James Madison, John Marshall

-Freed blacks would cause trouble

-15,000 blacks were put back

William Lloyd Garrison

- wrote the Liberator, tired of moderation and renounced doctrine of gradual work, and wrote without holding back

-Combatted slave holders

American Anti Slavery Society:

-Founded by Garrison

-Built on top of British abolitionist movement

-Slaveholding is a heinous crime in the eyes of God and that they abandon it

-Religious and civil rights

Sojourner truth and Frederick Douglass

-Sojourner:escaped slave and sought for abolitionist movement

-Douglass:best known black man in American

Elijah Lovejoy

Illinois editor whose death at the hands of a mob made him an abolitionist martyr

John Tyler's presidency

-Opposed Whig/Clay's American System

-Vetoed national bank

-Whigs deserted him

-Tensions with the british → Britain eradicated slavery and now trying to supress trans atlantic slave trade

-British closed off parts of Africa

Manifest Destiny

-Overspread the continent allotted by the providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying

-Religious and racial connotations

-Whites can only save the earth

-White supremacy

Indians and Mexican in the west

-There were 200 tribes at least, each with different culture and languages

-Sioux, Cheyenne, Blackwood in the great plains

-"All we want is a portion of territory"

-A lot of the mexicans now live in what is now New Mexico

-Apache and Navajo who attacked the smaller indian tribes

-Comanches attacked the Apache and Navajo

-1848 Americans made up non indian population

Overland trail

-350,000 men,women, and children migrate between 1841 and 1867

-Grueling Journey

-Division of labor

-Donner party - group of 87 immigrants that left springfield illinois and went along california trail

-From independence Missouri to Oregon

-Oxen pulled the whole time

-Gold rush of Cali brought 30,000 in 1849

1845 -1850 a big shot up

-Division of labor stayed relatively the same

-Women did men's work

Fort Laramie Treaty(1851)

-inviting Indians to what is now known as Wyoming

-Parties agreed to pay indians compensation for using hunting grounds in exchange of allowing governments to build forts

-Agreed to limit themselves to specified areas

-Several tribes refused to go by the treaty

-Indian reservation precursor

Annexation of Texas:

-Santa Anna had a grant so that people could settle and people brought in a lot of slaves and immigrants and outnumbered the Indians

-Mexicans were only the people getting represented

-1833 Whites wanted more representation and power

-1835 Mexicans forbade people coming in

-Rebelling for no more immigrants

-Sam Houston - 1836 Texas became independent, -Alamo was last stand but only 16 survivors

-Andrew Jackson was president when Texas was its own country → British and French started trading with Texas

-1843 Calhoun attempts to make annexation bill but that was rejected

-1845 Texas was annexed into the union

-Mexican-American war was in 1846-48 and results → James Polk was president and moves troops over and Mexico believed that the border wasn't respected.

-America claims that California was a part of the US, march to Mexico city and Mexican army was 32,000 and US was 104,000.

-1846 Cali was independent and goes to Union

-1848 treaty of guadalupe hidalgo → Mexico gives up Cali for 50 million

Living in the frontier

-Constantly moving around

-Not a lot of democracy or freedom

-Hard to acquire land

-Indians, Apache, etc.

-Mexican indians

-Solitary

Donner Party:

-Jacob and George Donner

-89 immigrants resulting to cannibalism and died for the most part

The old south

-Farming

-Commercial sector served needs of plantation economy

-Obstacles to industrial development

1.Inadequate transportation

2.Lack of cities and immigrants, became dependent on northern economy for other things. Cotton and tobacco were imported on Northern ships

-Justification for lack of industry

1.Blacks were not used to working on the clock

2.Wanted to maintain a certain plantation

3.Black workers were not good fits for factories

-Slavery profitable

1.Slavery and land were the most profitable investment at the time

2.No more money for other investments

3.Demand for cotton and agricultural was prosperous

-South was rich

-Planters controlled social and political life

The middle class:

-"Crackers", "sand-hillers", and "poor white trash"

-Southern culture

-Reputation, cult of honor, and dueling

-Voted democrat

-Protestant

-Cotton gins

-Overseers

-These poor people lived in genuine squalor

-No land, hunted and foraged

-Even you were poor, you still had slaves

-Dueling was common

Southern defense of slavery

-Slavery protects slaves

-Workers in southern factories treated worse than slaves

-Biblical references

-People are not born "equal"

Slavery nature:

-Paternalism

-Reciprocity

-Accomodation - not overly sadistic

Slave codes

-No marriage

-Cannot testify in court

-No firearms

-Considered property

Antebellum slavery

-Slave religion - afro christianity

-Ring shelt → burial technique

-Journey to afterlife: slaves were buried with interesting things like canoes

-Slave language - thousands of languages and it was hard to communicate, plain english

-Slave music:Drums, banjo,keep slaves hoping and to stay active in the fields, the delta blues came from slave spirituals.

Slave Family

-Hard to keep family because slavery sold off members and broke off families

-Slave marriage was not recognized

Life under slavery

-Slaves in the big house: men were bus drivers, women were maids

-Slaves worked in fields as well

-Sun up to sun down

-Branding, whipping, burning, mutilation, castration

Slave resistance:

-Slaves revolted

-Mass insurrection but they were rare

-Overwhelming power of southern regime basically made revolting suicide

-Amazing that there were any at all

Slavery in cities

-Could be rented out

Free blacks

-Could vote in some cities

-Mixed race sometimes

-Owned slaves themselves

Wilmot Proviso(1846):

-David Wilmot proposes to ban slavery in areas acquired from Mexico.

-Politicized slavery once and for all

House adopts, senate rejects

Calhoun's resolutions - guarantee of liberty and turned it into a basic guarantee of slavery

Senator lewis Cass - introduction of popular sovereignty: people would decide if slaves were territory

5th amendment violation

Oregon Territory becomes free territory

The Great Debate:

Henry Clay had 8 major resolutions to fix slavery. Henry Clay v Calhoun v Webster. Taylor thought that slavery in the south was the only way it could flourish. Equilibrium between sections. Calhoun threatens to secede if it's not a slave state. Webster asks for preservation among the union and that everyone enjoys the liberty.

Free soiler:

-Free soil, free speech, free labor, free men"

-Anti-slavery relatively → doesn't mean that they weren't racist

-Rebellious democrats, anti-slavery whigs, anti-slavery liberty party went into this

-1848 FSP was organized in NY w/ Martin Van Buren → Wilmot Proviso

Compromise of 1850:

Taylor died

1.California admitted as free state(ending free/slave balance)

Fillmore was ready to make peace with South

2.Utah and New Mexico created as new territories, subject to popular sovereignty

3. Texas borders settled

4. Fugitive Slave Law passed

5. Slave trade abolished in DC, but not slavery itself

Turmoil over slavery:

-Fugitive slave law- capture free blacks

-Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin

Election of 1852:

-Whig party

-Scott carried 4 states, Vermont, Mass.,

-Pierce wins, but was a failure

Kansas-Nebraska Act:

-Kansas and N. territories

-Put territories to Popular Sovereignty

-MO compromise line at 36 deg, 30 min repealed

Effects of K-N Act:

1. Southern, pro slavery whig of dem. Party grows in power

2. Whig party dissolves

3. Leads to emergence of republican party and modern 2 party system

Republican party and ultimate cause of the civil war:

-Republicans: northern whigs, independent democrats, free soilers

-Free labor ideology

-Republicans view south as backward and inferior

-Republicans pledge to quash the extension of slavery into the west and south secedes when lincoln elected in 1860

-Fates of western territories seen by both North and South as means of survival for their societies,

-North free soil free for free labor, south extend slavery to the west

Bleeding Kansas:

-Two illegal governments operating in Kansas

-Sack of Lawrence- Destroyed property and hotels, outraged a free soil fanatic named John Brown. (May 18 1856)

-Massacre of Lawrence

-Massacre at Pottawatomie Creek(John Brown)

Sumner Beating

Senator Charles Sumner in May 22 1856: blames South's longing for new slave state for Kansas

Calls out Brooks

Brooks assaults Senator Charles Sumner

Made Sumner a martyr

Empty desk as a symbol

Brooks was re-elected and loved, presented with new canes

Election of 1856:

-Know nothings: Millard Fillmore

-Rep: John C Fremont

-Democrats: Buchanan

-Republicans power in North, Democrats power in south

-Buchanan won → doesn't do much

Scott v Sandford 1857:

-Roger B Taney

-Dred Scott

-Scott was a missouri slave who went to Illinois/Wisconsin.Sues the widow and the court declares him as free but the brother, Sandford claims Scott

-Anti slavery forces defeat

-Taney claims that blacks were not citizens, but were property

-5th amendment prohibits congress from taking property without due process

-Congress cannot deprive people of their property

-A statement declaring that fed government was powerless against slavery

-North people were unhappy

-Republicans wanted to reverse decision

-Scott wasn't a citizen

-Congress could not prohibit slave owners from taking property into the territories

-Reinforces republican fear of slave power

Lecompton Constitution

-Kansas was a slave state

-1857: rules of officials chosen by convention

-1861: free state

Lincoln-Douglass debate of 1858:

-Douglass did not take moral stance on slavery - big crowds formed

-Lincoln - slavery wrong

-Didn't advocate social, political equality

-Slaves entitled to basic human rights

-Opportunities: white laborers wouldn't be able to work because of spread of slavery

-Douglass calls L out for racial equality

-Slavery must be arrested

John Brown raid(Harper's ferry) 1859:

-Wanted to create a slave rebellion

-18 followers sized an arsonal

-Robert E Lee stops Ferry

-Brown Surrendered

-Sentenced to death → Martyr

-Southerners felt unsafe and 60 northerners were driven out

Election of 1860:

-Southern Demo. Federal law protecting slavery

-Republicans-Lincoln: didn't want to share

-Won electoral votes

-Confederate states of America

The Civil War Begins

-Buchanan does nothing to prevent Civil War

-South fires on Fort Sumter(04/12/1861)

-Lincoln determine hold union together and issues a War Proclamation

-January 9: Buchanan rides out presidency

-March: Lincoln tells that he wouldn't interfere with south owning slaves

-"We must not be enemies, but friends"

-Sent provisions, not guns

-Confederates begin to open fire and Union surrenders the fort

-Objective was initially to keep union together but now also wants to abolish slavery

America Divided:

-North and South mobilize armies:

-Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and NC secede after war proc

-W, VA, Maryland, Missouri, Delaware, and Kentucky remain in the Union

-100,000 Southerners fight for Union → Many were german and irish immigrants

-Lee leaves for the South

Union and Confederacy Advantages:

-22 million people in the North to 9 million in the South

-Confederacy produces only 7 percent of nations manufacturing

-Union: 97 percent of firearms and 96 of railroad equipment

-Union: More of everything → banking, shipping, mechanics, wagons, horses, ships

-South: can fight defensive war on their own terrain

-South: More experienced military leaders

First Bull Run(1861 of July)

-Demonstrates that war will not be over after one battle

-Stonewall Jackson name emerges from that

-North flees and Civilians run away as well

-Confederate troops win

-Union retreats

Anaconda Strategy:

-Defend DC and exert constant pressure on Confederate capital at Richmond

-Blockade the Southern Coast

-Divide the confederacy by invading the South along MS, TN, and Cumberland Rivers

South Strategy

-Stalemate the Union until popular opinion against the war in the North

-Get the British and French to join Federate cause

Recruiting armies:

-North:NYC draft,Scandinavian division,Scots division,55th new york: French division

39 NY: Polish division

-Confederacy fails to get European powers to intervene

War in the West

-Quantrill's Raiders and Jayhawkers → destroyed Pro Confederates, Jayhawkers were pro union

-Indians → Most battles took place in east

-Grant takes control of rivers in KY,TN, and MS

-Shiloh(1862) → Place of peace, combined casualties of 20,000

Civil War Battles(1862):

1. Seven Pines and Seven Days Battles:

Robert E Lee assumes command

2. Second battle of Bull Run

Union loses

3. Antietam

Lincoln fired McClellan

Revived sagging Northern Morale

Emboldened Lincoln to issue Emancipation Proclamation

Dashed Confederate hopes of gaining foreign aid

4. Fredericksburg-Confederate victory

Emancipation/Blacks in the War

-1862 ended with deadlock in the East

-People questioned Lincoln's leadership

-Union's resources slowly killed the Confederacy

-Turned from restoring the Union to abolishing slavery

-Emancipation Proclamation signed on January 1,1863

-Freed all slaves in Confederate states

-War forced issue because fugitive slaves showed up to Union army camps

1.Slave labour was boosting confederate cause

2.Morale in the North boosted morale

3. Making the war about slavery and freeing people would lose alliance with French and British

African Americans in the war

-180,000 black troops served in Union of which 38,000 were killed

-Involved in significant combat in East and West by 1863

-54th Mass. Infantry → led by Robert Shaw and he was killed in 1864

Women during the War

-Women on both sides played significant roles in the conflict

-20,000 women were nurses in the North like Clara Barton and Dorothy Dix

-Southern towns → 400 women dressed as men

Government/Politics/Financing the War

Northern Wartime: Homestead Act gave homestead of 160 acres for settlers who occupied that land for 5 years

Morrill land grant act: Land grant gave federal aid to state colleges → A&M

Transcontinental road → how it was financed

North instituted income tax and tariffs, made greenbacks, bonds

South finances: Tariff, 10 percent tax on agricultural products, greenbacks

Union - people were in favor of Lincoln, same were to an extent, copperheads wanted end of war and had sympathy for confederates. Suspension of writ of Habeas Corpus

Chancellorsville Virginia:

confederates won last major victory, Stonewall Jackson died

Vicksburg

Confederacy cut in two

Gettysburg

-Pickett's charge

-War turned in Union's favor

-July 1-3 1863, on the 3rd, Pickett attacked

-War began to be Union's favor

Gettysburg address

-Lincoln gave speech in the Cemetery

-Nov 19 1863

-Places war on higher meaning so men didn't die in vain

Freedmen's Bureau

-Set up schools, set up its own courts to deal with labor disputes

-Dealt with anything related with African Americans

-Constitutional and legal rights

Lincoln's 10 percent plan

-Moderate in nature and facilitates confederate states coming back into the union

-Some groups were excluded, like people who worked in the confederate government

-Others would be military officers who were confederate sympathizer

-Republicans wanted dismantle the democratic party

Wade-Davis Bill

1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.

Lincoln assassinated

April 14, 1865 by John Wilkes Booth

Andrew Johnson's plan

-Fighting their masters

-Wanted Union

-Pro Slavery unionist

-Amnesty for whoever swore an oath of loyalty

-State has to revoke secession, abolish slavery, -ratify 13th amendment,

-All the seceded states

-Congress denied seats to rebels

Black Codes

-Restricted freedom of newly freed people

-Apprehend unemployed blacks and hire them to satisfy

-Ends up back on plantations

-Not allowed to lease farms

-Couldn't do anything but plant

-Slavery was revived

Civil Rights Act

-1866

-Blacks as citizens of US and the Federal Gov to intervene on state affairs

-People's rights

13th amendment

abolished slavery

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

Radical Reconstruction

Rejected the lincoln Johnson Gov

Ten Southern states divided into 5 military districts

Military commander to register qualified voters

State legislatures required to ratify 14th and 15th amendments

All were readmitted

15th Amendment (1870)

U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed

Impeachment of President Johnson

-Radicals were something of an impediment

-Find a way to impeach him

-Said he violated the tenure of office act

Scalawags and carpetbaggers

-Scalawags were southern Republicans who were whigs, farmers in areas with no slavery. Against secession.

-Southern democrats said that Scalawags were traitors

-Carpetbaggers were from the North that settled in the South, hoping to become businessmen

Establishing the black community

-Black churches were the foundation

-1890 1.3 million were worshipping in baptist churches

-Many fraternities, clubs, lodges, and mutual aid societies

Blacks in politics

-Held a position in every office

-2 in HoR and 2 in Senate

-State legislatures and state offices

-Many fought in the union army in civil war

-Southern whites complained about black rule

Education

-Major improvements

-Freedmen's Bureau and Northerners helped to teach

-Large education centers to teach people

4,000 schools

-1870's built comprehensive public school system

-Half of white children and 40 percent of black children were in school → segregated

-Black academies networked into black colleges and universities

Economic conditions

-Freedmen's Bureau: reform land ownership in the south

-June 1865, Bureau settled 10,000 blacks on their land

-Southern planters asked for their property back and and were returned their confiscated land mostly

-Some whites left their land to find more fertile lands

-Most didn't own their land, but worked for others in one form or another

-A quarter of blacks were getting agricultural work and getting wages for it

-Freedmen became tenants on white land owner's land.

-Blacks worked independently

-Blacks made some progress in 1877-1879

-Working less than they had in slavery

-No more women and children working in the field

-Adult men were working less

-⅓ fewer hours, white farmer laborers make it up

Terrorism

-KKK and Knights of Camellia barred blacks from voting by using physical violence

-Economic pressure was also used to stop blacks from voting, some employers refused to rent land to them as well as denial from employers

-KKK Act as a response: states cannot discriminate on race and fights crime, law allows federal troops to defend civil rights

-Clan violence fell off in 1872

Compromise of 1877

-Bipartisan electoral

-Democrats allowed Hayes to be president

In exchange, federal troops left the south

-Ended the reconstruction

-Hayes withdrew troops and white democrats took back government