Aldehydes & Ketones

What type of reactions do Ketones & Aldehydes commonly undergo and why?

Nucleophilic addition, because of the polar ends of the molecule

What kind of nucleophile is present in acidic addition?

Neutral

What kind of nucleophile is present in basic addition?

Negative

What does a nucleophilic hydration reaction turn an aldehyde/ketone into?

1,1-diol

What is the equilibrium based on in NA hydration?

Reactant

What conditions are NA hydration reactions done in?

Base or Acid Catalyzed

Will a NA hydration with an aldehyde favor the product more or less than a ketone?

Less

In basic conditions, how are reagents protonated & deprotonated?

Deprotonated by OH^- & protonated by H₂O

In acidic conditions, how are reagents protonated & deprotonated?

Deprotonated by H₂O & protonated by H₃O⁺

What are the reagents/conditions for NA cyanohydrin?

Base catalyzed, uses either NaCN or KCN with water followed by acid

What are the reagents/conditions for NA acetals?

Acid catalyzed, neutral nucleophile

What is the acronym for the order of the acetal NA reaction?

PADPEAD

What is the acronym for the reverse order of acetal NA reaction?

PEADPED

What is the NA of Imines?

Addition of a primary NH₂R

What are the conditions for Imine NA?

Acid catalyzed by cannot be more acidic than pH=5 (trace acid)

What is the Wolff-Kishner Reaction & its conditions?

A reduction of aldehyde/ketone to alkane using H₂NNH₂ with KOH & heat

What is the NA of Enamines?

Addition of a secondary amine aka NHR₂

What is the Wittig Reaction & its conditions?

Converts ketone/aldehyde to an alkene by using phosphorous ylide (Ph₃PCH₂)