APUSH Unit 1/2 Key Terms

Anne Hutchinson

• Puritan banished for speaking for gender equality

• She moved to Rhode Island, then later Long Island

Bacon’s Rebellion

• Free indentured servants revolt against Jamestown and their governor William Berkeley

• united all races and lower class

• Wealthy landowners react by switching to slavery, dividing lower class into race

(Bartolome) de las Casas

• Spanish priest who defended natives

• Against Encomienda System, supported slavery

British West Indies Colonies

• Jamaica, Barbados

• super wealthy on sugar plantations

• harshest slave conditions

Middle Colonies

• Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, “Bread Basket” Colonies

• proprietary colonies, owned by individual owners

• ethnically diverse, more free, religiously tolerant

• William Penn (Quaker) → Pennsylvania, religiously tolerant utopia

New England Colonies

• other names: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut

• Puritans+Pilgrims

• fought with Wampanoags

• high life expectancy, strict society, equal gender balance

Southern Colonies

• other names: Virginia, Jamestown, Chesapeake Bay, Carolinas

• huge tobacco plantations, disparate social structure, few females

• Fought with Powhatans

Columbian Exchange

• immediately after Columbus made his journey

• an exchange of plants, animals, diseases

Encomienda System

• Spanish colonial feudal structure

• Spanish are landowners, natives are serfs

• Eventually stopped because inefficient and cruel, replaced with slavery

House of Burgesses

• The government of Jamestown/Virginia

• Parliamentary body run by wealthy land owners

Iroquois Confederacy

• alliance between Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and later the Tuscarora

• first ever “constitution” in America

Jamestown

• First actual English colony, in the South

• Expedition funded by Virginia Company

• Landed in Chesapeake Bay

• In search of gold, found none and starved

• saved by tobacco

John Rolfe

• married Pocahontas

• smuggled tobacco into Virginia

John Winthrop

• Leader of Massachusetts bay

• super Puritan

• “City Upon a Hill”

Joint Stock Company

• a corporation with many investors sharing profit/loss

(Juan Gines de) Sepulveda

• Spanish’s best philosopher at the time, loved Aristotle

• believed natives were lesser than humans, stupid, and savage

King Philip’s War

• Wampanoags angry at New England colonists encroaching on land, plot revenge

• Christian native Sassamon warns New England, later murdered

• Wampanoags originally winning, but their leader’s head gets chopped off

• Last big rebellion by natives

Mercantilism

• Economic ideology that there is a limited amount of wealth in the global economy

• Exports>imports

• State wealth is most important

Navigation Acts

• laws enacted by Parliament in the 17th century to control colonial commerce, ensuring that trade benefited England

• required that certain goods be shipped only to England or English colonies, aimed at strengthening the economy and asserting control over colonial resources

• Colonists ignored the acts and smuggled, while England turned a blind eye (Salutary Neglect)

Pope’s Rebellion (Pueblo Revolt)

• Southwest Natives rebel against the Spanish because of their oppression

• Violent, killed all Spanish

Powhatan Confederacy

• a Native American “empire” in the south

• Saved Jamestown by providing food and saving Captain John Smith

• Leader’s daughter was Pocahontas

• later tensions and wars with southern colonies

Puritans

• Branch of Protestantism which believes in predestination

• very pious, paranoid, strict

• Massachusetts Bay/New England colonies

Quakers

• Branch of Protestantism which believes that all people have the light of God

• equality, pacificism

• William Penn (Quaker) → Pennsylvania

Roger Williams

• Puritan banished from Massachusetts Bay colony for questioning mistreatment towards Natives

• Founded Rhode Island

Salutary Neglect

• Britain turns a blind eye on America, gives them a lot of freedom

• Americans regularly ignore the Navigation Acts

Transatlantic Trade

• long term trade between the Americas and Europe+Africa

• exchange of goods

William Berkeley

• governor of Virginia 1660-1677

• peaceful treatment towards Native Americans

• contributed to Bacon's Rebellion 1676

• advocated for a strong, centralized colonial government

The Great Awakening

• outburst of Protestant Revivalism in 1700s

• New lights vs Old lights

• Believed in using emotion and fervor to bring back religious devotion

• Jonathan Edwards (“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”)

• George Whitefield

George Whitfield

• Great Awakening priest that gave emotional sermons

• Would travel town to town instead of having a permanent church to preach at