Enhancing Cardiorespiratory Performance in Physical Education

Cardiorespiratory System

System responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients.

Altitude Training

Training at high elevations to improve endurance.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Hormone that stimulates red blood cell production.

Beta-Blockers

Medications that reduce heart rate and blood pressure.

Gene Doping

Altering genes to enhance athletic performance.

Blood Doping

Transfusing blood to increase oxygen capacity.

World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)

Organization promoting dope-free sports globally.

Sport Integrity Australia

Australia's agency for anti-doping compliance.

Ergogenic Aids

Substances or methods enhancing physical performance.

Permitted Substances

Enhance performance without health risks or violations.

Prohibited Substances

Enhance performance and pose health risks.

Ethical Considerations

Moral implications of using performance-enhancing methods.

Sociocultural Considerations

Social factors influencing attitudes towards doping.

Health Risks

Potential dangers associated with performance-enhancing substances.

Fairness in Sport

Equitable access to performance-enhancing methods.

Peer Influence

Impact of teammates on doping decisions.

Community Role Models

Athletes influencing societal values and behaviors.

Socioeconomic Status

Economic factors affecting access to training resources.

Transparency in Sports

Openness about performance-enhancing substance use.

Spirit of Sport

Ethical principles guiding fair competition.

Batch Tested Products

Supplements verified for safety and compliance.

Performance Advantage

Significant improvement in athletic ability from doping.

Win at All Costs

Mindset prioritizing victory over fair play.

Role Modeling

Influence of athletes on youth behavior and values.

Performance enhancement

Improving athletic ability beyond natural limits.

Peer pressure

Influence from others to use banned substances.

Hypoxic environments

Simulated low-oxygen settings for performance adaptation.

Deacclimatisation

Decline in endurance after returning to sea level.

Acclimatisation

Physiological adjustments to high altitude training.

Financial incentive

Monetary motivation to use performance enhancers.

Altitude sickness

Health issues from low oxygen at high altitudes.

Red blood cells

Cells transporting oxygen in the bloodstream.

Physiological perspective

Understanding body functions related to performance.

Training facilities access

Availability of locations for altitude training.

Fame and role model status

Influence of public recognition on athletes' choices.

Dissatisfaction with performance

Unhappiness leading to substance use for improvement.

Coach pressure

Influence from coaches to enhance performance illicitly.

Endurance capacity

Ability to sustain prolonged physical activity.

Synthetic EPO

Artificially produced hormone to boost red blood cells.

Autologous doping

Reintroduction of an athlete's own blood.

Homologous doping

Introduction of donor red blood cells.

EPO

Hormone that stimulates red blood cell production.

Potential harms of EPO

Includes hypertension, stroke, heart disease.

Heart rate reduction

Beta-blockers decrease heartbeats per minute.

Widening blood vessels

Beta-blockers help lower blood pressure.

Beta-blockers in sports

Banned in archery, darts, billiards, shooting.

Gene therapy

Used to treat genetic diseases through gene manipulation.

WADA rules

Prohibit non-therapeutic gene doping practices.

Respiratory system

System responsible for gas exchange in the body.

Gaseous exchange

Oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer at alveoli.

Cardiovascular system

Transports oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.

Aerobic exercise impact

Enhances cardiovascular and respiratory system functioning.

Conducting zone

Structures bringing air into and out of lungs.

Respiratory zone

Area where gaseous exchange occurs.

Nasal cavity

Initial pathway for air, warms and filters it.

Cilia function

Filters foreign particles from entering respiratory tracts.

Ventilation changes

Alterations in breathing with exercise intensity.

Vocal cords

Create speech as air is expelled.

Heat and water vapor expulsion

Removes excess moisture during exhalation.

Cilia

Hair-like structures that clear airways in lungs.

Pharynx

Throat section connecting mouth and nose.

Larynx

Voice box containing vocal cords.

Trachea

Windpipe providing air passage to lungs.

Bronchi

Two main air passages from trachea to lungs.

Bronchioles

Smaller branches of bronchi delivering air to alveoli.

Alveoli

Microscopic sacs for gas exchange in lungs.

Pleura

Membrane covering lungs, reducing friction during breathing.

Diaphragm

Muscle aiding in breathing by changing chest cavity size.

Inspiration

Active process of drawing air into lungs.

Expiration

Passive process of expelling air from lungs.

Intrapulmonary pressure

Pressure within lungs affecting air movement.

Tidal volume (TV)

Volume of air per breath, measured in L.

Respiratory rate (RR)

Breaths taken per minute, measured in breaths/min.

Ventilation (V)

Volume of air moved per minute, measured in L/min.

Intercostal muscles

Muscles between ribs aiding in breathing.

Gas exchange

Process of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.

Capillaries

Small blood vessels surrounding alveoli for gas exchange.

Adam's apple

Prominent larynx feature more visible in males.

Hyaline cartilage

Type of cartilage providing structure to trachea.

Chest cavity

Space in thorax housing lungs and diaphragm.

Pulmonary ventilation

Total air volume exchanged in one minute.

Ventilation

Volume of air exchanged per minute.

Minute Ventilation

Total air volume per minute; V = RR x TV.

Average Tidal Volume (Men)

600 ml is typical for men.

Average Tidal Volume (Women)

500 ml is typical for women.

Maximum Oxygen Uptake (VO2 max)

Maximal oxygen intake for ATP production.

VO2 max Measurement

Expressed in mL/kg/min for body mass comparison.

External Respiration

Gas exchange at lungs with external environment.

Internal Respiration

Gas exchange within body tissues.

Pulmonary Arteries

Carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

Alveolar/Capillary Interface

Site of gas exchange in lungs.

Haemoglobin

Protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells.

Oxygen Movement

Diffuses from capillaries into tissues.

Carbon Dioxide Movement

Diffuses from tissues into blood.

Respiratory Control Centre

Brain stem regulates breathing rates.

Homeostasis in Breathing

Maintaining balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Oxygen Demand Increase

Higher breathing rate meets increased oxygen needs.

Gaseous Diffusion

Movement of gases across membranes.

Pressure Differences

Drive gas exchange at tissues.

Oxygenated Blood

Blood rich in oxygen returning to the heart.