History 1 review

Olmecs

• first major civilization in Mexico (1200 BC)

• impressive engineers

• stone sentinels

• underground sewer systems

Mayans

• farming

• math

Toltecs

• 1005 AD

• advanced metallurgists

Aztecs

• 1325-1520 AD

• militaristic culture

Tenochtitlán

• aztec capital

• founded 1325 AD

Anasazi (Pueblo)

the ancient ones

Native American vulnerabilities vs Europeans

• no tools of iron

• no concept of Indian brotherhood

• highly susceptible to disease

Native Americans and importance of the horse

• the horse wasn’t native to america, hugely important

• second only to the buffalo

• arrive with the spanish in 1500 AD

Norsemen (Vikings)

scandinavian explorers of north america

Protestant Reformation

16th century schism in christendom

Council of the Indies

charles V created a governing body in 1574 to maintain full control over every aspect of spanish colonial life in the new world (ruled with an iron fist)

Spanish Armada

phillip II’s attempted invasion of england, he failed (1588)

St. John’s, Newfoundland

the location of england’s very first attempt at colonization, it failed (1583)

Roanoke Colony

• 1587-?

• lost colony of roanoke

Joint stock companies

created to finance the establishment of overseas colonies

Virginia Company of London (mission objectives)

• convert indians to christianity

• discover the northwest passage

• find gold like the spanish

Virginia Company employees (three classes)

• gentleman adventures (mercenaries)

• unemployed tradesmen (artificers)

• debtor prisoners

Jamestown (mortality rate)

• deadly place for 20 years

• disease and famine

• 1622 night massacre that killed 1/3 of the population

Jamestown and tobacco

tobacco was virginia’s gold (source of wealth)

The Starving Time

men were forced to eat dogs, rats, snakes, boot leather, tree bark, at least one human cadaver

Consent of the governed

first distinct american trait (republican)

Indentured servants

2/3s of all english immigrants came to virginia as indentured servants (labor contracts)

Mayflower Compact

• first constitution in american history

• established a simple civil government

Separatists (Pilgrims)

radical sect of puritans that established plymouth colony

Plymouth

1620, colony established by separatists (religious freedom)

Puritans

wished to purify the church of england of it’s catholic doctrine

Massachusetts Bay Colony

1630, mainstream puritans purchased a joint stock company, and launched the great migration

Pennsylvania

penn’s woods, religious haven for quakers

Natural increase (reasons)

• colonial women married at a younger age than european women

• natural mortality rate fell due to availability of nutrition, better than europe

New England families (women, marrying age)

women had more children because they married earlier

Scots-Irish (Ulster Scots)

largest immigrant group to english colonies - 200,000 by 1775

Germans

second largest immigrant group to english colonies - 100,000 by 1775

Opportunity

second distinct american trait

Turner’s Frontier Thesis

open frontier was the third distinct american trait

Three distinctive American traits

• consent of the governed

• opportunity

• open frontier

Carolinas

• founded in 1663 by charles II

• rice was to the carolina’s, what tobacco had been to virginia

African slaves

• 7,470 of total colonial population of 1.4 million in 1707

• 343,000 forcibly conveyed to colonies by 1775 a 5.2% annual increase over 75 years

Leif Eriksson

first european to settle in north america

Christopher Columbus

• real name cristoforo colombo

• ferdinand II of aragon and isabella I of castile gave columbus ships, sailors, and money

• niña, pinta, and santa maria were all his ships

• 10 week trip

Amerigo Vespucci

north america was named after him after he convinced geographers this was indeed an entirely new land mass

Martin Luther

german priest who launched the reformation

John Calvin

• french theologian

• father of the puritan movement

Sir Humphrey Gilbert

the leader of england’s very first attempt of colonization

Sir Walter Raleigh

half brother to humphrey gilbert and leader of england’s second attempt of colonization

John Rolfe

english man that brought caribbean tobacco to virginia

William Penn

prominent and wealthy quaker