Infectious Diseases

Endemic

Level of normal rates of disease

Epidemic

disease greater than endemic in a certain area

Pandemic

Disease greater than endemic in a large area

Types of disease transmission

Direct contact, by air, indirect contact, by food, insect, rabid animal

Microbiota

Bacteria in body that aids in metabolism and shapes our immune system

Presumptive diagnosis

Most likely diagnosis

Definitive diagnosis

Diagnosis due to known organism

Calor

heat

Rubor

redness

Dolor

pain

Tumor

swelling

Seizures

Pediatric patients are treated for fevers to decrease the risk of ___

Droplet

transmission of influenza

Influenza A

influenza that infects humans, swine, horses, mammals, and birds

Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase

Proteins on influenza A that determines subtype

Antigenic drift

Mutations in the genes of influenza viruses that can lead to changes in the surface proteins. More mild

Antigenic shift

Major genetic reassortment of virus and intermixing of RNA. causes a novel virus and can lead to pandemics

Influenza B and C

Which influenza is more genetically stable

1-4 days

Incubation period of influenza

Rapid influenza antigen test

Which influenza test normally cannot distinguish between subtypes, especially not C

NAAT and PCR

What influenza test is more specific than rapid antigen and typically performed in an office?

Influenza

This causes necrosis of respiratory epithelium, increased adherence of bacteria to infected cells, and ciliary dysfunction, which predispose to secondary bacterial infection

Cardiovascular complications of influenza

MI, cerebrovascular disease, sudden death

Neurologic complications of influenza

Seizures, encephalopathy

Reye Syndrome

rare and severe complication of influenza (typically type B) in younger children associated with aspirin use. causes liver failure and encephalopathy

Respiratory complications of influenza

can be primary influenza viral, secondary bacterial, or mixed viral and bacterial

Pneumococcal pneumonia

Most common secondary infection to influenza

Staphylococcal pneumonia

Most serious secondary respiratory infection to influenza

Chemoprophylaxis for influenza

not routinely recommended, especially not after 48 hours of exposure. includes oral oseltamivir or inhaled zanamivir

Zanamivir

should not be given to asthmatic patients, nursing home residents, or <5 year old

Mortality

Antivirals for influenza do not decrease this

Neuraminidase inhibitors

Treatment for influenza including oseltamivir, zanamivir, and peramivir

Oseltamivir

Tamiflu; preferred drug; delayed absorption for those with gastric motility issues or GI bleed

Peramivir

IV influenza treatment for outpatient uncomplicated pts >18 years; used when concern for GI absorption

Live attenuated

These vaccines can cause shedding to others

Guillain-Barre syndrome

body’s immune system attacks the nerves, causing demyelination of nerves; causes muscle weakness, numbness, or paralysis; spreads upwards from feet and legs

Influenza

most fatalities of ____ are due to bacterial pneumonia