Correctional Systems and Practices test #3

Why is hiring and keeping a professional staff important for correctional institutions moving into the 21st Century?

If hope is to move beyond past and failed correctional endeavors and perspectives, ranks of practitioners need to be professionalized,

Hiring and keeping professional staff are keys to moving correctional institutions into the 21st Century

What has impacted the high turnover rate among correctional personnel

pay is insufficient

Did the creation of supermax prisons lead to an increase or decrease of prisoners?

increase

What has attributed to the recent decline in the use of incarceration?

is consequence of recession that hit in 2008 and consequent declining tax revenues, and increased debts, faced by states and localities who could no longer afford the bill for spiraling imprisonment

What country is closest to the United States in relation to incarceration rates?

Russia

What was the ruling in the Supreme Court case of Atkins v. Virginia?

Concluded national consensus existed against executing mentally retarded, Held that the imposition of the death penalty on a mentally retarded defendant is a violation of the Eighth Amendment

What is the chivalry hypotheses?

paternalistic attitudes about women prevail in our society and account for the fact that women are less likely to be executed

What was life without parole a substitute for?

the death penalty

What is premeditation?

Premeditation increases the likelihood that a crime will be eligible for the death penalty

What is the most common method used for execution?

Lethal injection

Why is the death penalty the most controversial subject in corrections?

It cannot be taken back; one innocent person is one too many

What is Cognitive Behavioral therapy?

tries to solve dysfunctional cognitions, emotions, and behavior in a relatively short time through goal-oriented, systematic procedures

What are static risk factors?

Factors that cannot be changed

What are some examples of things that can be changed and cannot?

static- age, gender
dynamic - mindset

What does risk principle refer to?

Refers to offender's probability of reoffending, Those with highest risk targeted for most intense treatment

What is Rehabilitation?

a means to restore or return a person to constructive or healthy activity

How does the Medical Model view criminal behavior?

prevailed and acknowledged the existence of external factors associated with criminality, Crime viewed as moral sickness requiring treatment

What amendment has been interpreted to provide health care for inmates?

8th amendment

What is Deliberate Indifference?

defined as occurring when prison officials know of, but disregard, obvious risk to inmate's health or safety

What does the 4th Amendment ban?

Right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures, What is reasonable on inside is quite different on outside

What is a Writ of Habeas Corpus? What does it mean?

means "you have the body," it challenges the legality of confinement

What is the hands-off doctrine?

hesitancy of the judiciary to interfere with the management and administration of prisons

Who made the statement "No one is above the law"?

Plato

What is Parens Patriae? What power does it give the state?

A law in American juvenile jurisprudence, gave the state the right to intercede on behalf of children

What are the types of juvenile waivers?

Judicial waiver, Prosecutorial discretion, Statutory exclusion

What are the top three juvenile offenses?

vandalism, robbery, and arson

What is the philosophy of the juvenile justice system?

rehabilitation

What law does the juvenile justice system fall under?

Civil law

Are law enforcement officers required to verify immigration status?

Yes, specifically in Hispanic, Latinos, Latinas

Are juveniles subject to the death penalty?

Supreme Court banned the death penalty for juveniles

What did the "war on drugs" lead to with regards to minority groups and correctional organizations?

Practical effort has been to incarcerate minority men and women who would not otherwise be incarcerated, lead to the disproportionate representation of minority groups in correctional organizations

What group is underrepresented in the correctional population?

Asian Americans

What is Discrimination?

is the differential treatment of an individual or a group without reference to their behavior or qualifications

What is institutional racism?

practiced by many, if not most, institutional members in the criminal justice and other organizations, Sometimes term applied when one ethnic group holds discriminatory attitudes or beliefs

What is ethnicity?

is the difference between groups of people based on culture

How do you define race?

The skin color and features of a group of people

How is discrimination linked to law (how do people discriminate against others)?

Often linked in law to classes of people distinguished by race, ethnicity, gender, age, disability, religion, nationality, sexual orientation, and income

What is disparity?

is the treatment of one group differently and unfairly by governmental agencies

Where was the first women's prison built in 1839?

Mount Pleasant prison

Why were women removed from men's prisons in the late 1800s and early 1900s?

sexual abuse by male staff and inmates

What is Patriarchy?

Involves the attitudes, value, and beliefs that favor males over females

In the American Jails magazine, Ney (2014) it stated women were more likely than men to have what type of problems?

More likely to have mental and physical problems, substance abuse problems, same educational and job training deficits, and to have suffered past abuse

Because women represent a smaller proportion of the correctional population, programming is typically structured to fit the needs of?

men and boys

What was the purpose of the House of Refuge?

Stated purpose was to remove impressionable youth, mainly boys but also girls, from the contamination that association with more hardened criminals would bring

What was the first prison to establish a separate wing for women inmates?

New Gate Prison, NYC