pltw biomed 1 sem 3 unit 3

epidemiology

The branch of medicine which deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases

pandemic

Widespread occurrence of a disease over a large area over a particular period of time

outbreak

The occurrence of cases of a certain disease in excess of normal expectancy

Nosocomial infection

Healthcare associated infections - infection acquired in a hospital

infection

The invasion and growth of germs in the body

host

An animal or plant on or in which a parasite or bacteria live

pathogen

A bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease

prion

A type of protein that can trigger normal proteins in the brain to fold abnormally

virus

Infectious agent that replicates inside the host

bacteria

Microscopic living organisms that have only one cell

Macrophages (phagocytes)

A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates other immune cells

B cells

A type of lymphocyte (white blood cell) that matures in bone marrow and produced antibodies

T cells

Releases cytotoxin to kill infected cells when its receptor fits with the viral antigen on that cell

Antigens

Any substance that causes the body to make immune responses against it

Antibodies

Proteins produced by the body's B cells when it finds harmful substances

Naturally acquired immunity

Happens after you get infected by a germ and your immune system responds by making antibodies to it

Artificially acquired immunity

Immunization activated through an antigen such as vaccination

Herd immunity

Indirect protection from an infectious disease that happens when a population is immune either through vaccination or immunity developed through previous infection

vaccine

Biological preparation formulated to provide acquired immunity for a particular disease

etiology

The cause or causes of a disease

helminth

Microscopic parasitic worm that can cause disease

protist

Eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, land plant, or fungus

Chain of infection

The infectious agent, host, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host

reservoir

Place in which an infectious agent can survive but may or may not multiply or cause disease

Portal of entry

Any route that a pathogen uses to enter the body (host)

Portal of exit

The path by which an infectious agent leaves the reservoir

Indirect mode of transmission

Disease transmission that occurs when a susceptible host touches an infected individual or is exposed directly to their body fluids

Direct mode of transmission

Disease transmission that occurs when a susceptible host inhales infect particles, touches an infected object, or is bitten by an infected insect

Innate immunity

Present at birth and lasts for entire life; first line of defense towards harm

Medical surge

Occurs when the number of patients requiring treatment surpasses the hospitals max patient capacity

Surge capacity

The measurement of how many patients a medical facility can manage in addition to its normal avgerage number of patients

Contact tracing

Identifying, assessing, and managing people who have been exposed to a disease to prevent additional transmission

Primary prevention

Focused on avoiding disease entirely. Interventions are done before a disease ever occurs to decrease the risk

Secondary prevention

Disease is detected and treated early, often before symptoms are present, thus minimizing serious consequences

Tertiary prevention

Focuses on people who are already affected by a disease

Non Pharmaceutical interventions

Any non-chemical intervention performed on a patient aimed to treat them

Pharmaceutical interventions

Chemical interventions performed on a patient aimed to treat them

microbiology

Study of microorganisms; investigates growth and structure of the organisms

Acquired immunity

Develops after the immune system responds to a substance, or if the host receives an antibody or vaccine

Bacterial colony

Composed of two or more conspecific individuals living in close association with, or connected to, one another

cocci

Spherical/round shapes, they can appear as individual cells or arrange themselves in clusters, pairs or chains

Spirillum

Spiral-shaped with rigid helical structure, can be short or long and possesses multiple swirls or spirals

Bacilli

Rod-shaped with varying length/thickness, can exist as single cells or form chains

Peptidoglycan

A rigid envelope surrounding the cytoplasmic membrane of most bacterial species

Streaking for isolations

Technique used to isolate a pure strain from a single species of microorganism, often bacteria, on an agar plate

Aseptic technique

Set of practices used to maintain a sterile and contamination-free environment

Gram stain

Classifies bacteria into gram positive and negative; stains bacterial cells with crystal violet dye followed by the applying of iodine, forming a complex within the cell wall. The color retains in gram positive bacteria after being washed but is lost in gram negative bacteria

Gram positive

Thick peptidoglycan layer which retains the crystal violet dye during gram staining, resulting in blue or purple color; they typically lack outer membrane and have a simpler cell wall texture

Gram negative

Thinner peptidoglycan layer and outer layer containing lipopolysaccharides, which can interfere with the retention of crystal violet dye. They appear to be more pink or red after the decolorization step of gram staining. These tend to have more complex cell wall structures

Primary assessment

ABCs - airway, breathing, circulation; tells emergency responder about vitals

Capsule

The outermost layer of an organ for protection, or an outermost membrane of a bacteria that protects it from foreign elements

Cell wall

The outer covering of a cell, present adjacent to the cell membrane, which is also called the plasma membrane

flagellum

The "tail" of certain cells that enables movement or chemotaxis, the directed migration of a cell in response to a chemical stimulus

Eternal drugs

Administered through the digestive system either orally, rectally or through a tube

Parenteral drugs

Drugs given by routes other than the digestive tract, usually given by injection or infusion

Dose

A quantity of a medicine or drug taken or recommended to be taken at a particular time. Consider: age, weight, disease state, bodily function, genetic factors

Control the bleed

Apply a clean cloth or gauze with firm pressure, apply a tourniquet on limb if necessary

Tourniquet

Device that is placed onto a bleeding limb; works by squeezing large blood vessels to stop or slow bleeding

Triage

The sorting and prioritization of patients based on the urgency of their need for care

Secondary assessment

Rapid and thorough head to toe examination of any possible injury

Skin turgor

Skin elasticity - the ability of skin to stretch and return to normal

Anaphylaxis

Deadly allergic reaction that causes the immune system to release a flood of chemicals that causes shock

solute

Something that is dissolved to form a solution (sugar, salt)

Solvent

A substance with the ability to dissolve other substances (solutes) to form a solution (a liquid)

osmosis

The process of movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration

hypertonic

Solute concentration is higher outside the cell creating a concentration gradient driving water out, causing it to shrink + dehydrate

Hypotonic

Solute concentration is lower outside the membrane, drives water into the cell making it expand

isotonic

Solute concentration is the same on both sides of membrane, movement is equal

Laceration

Deep cut or tear in flesh

CPR

A process to make someone breathe and their heart beat again

AED

Forcibly jumpstarting a heart that has stopped beating

Innovation

The development and application of novel ideas, methods, technologies, or processes in the field of biology

Ph scale

The measure of how acidic/basic a substance is. Range is 0-14, with 7 being neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of greater than 7 indicates a base

Emergent

Highest priority, patient will die without immediate treatment

Urgent

Care needed quickly but can be delayed temporarily

Semi-urgent

Care is needed but can wait if higher priority patients are present

Non-urgent

Lowest priority, minor conditions are not time sensitive and can wait

Binary fission

Common reproduction method of bacteria where a single bacterial cell divides into two daughter cells