Methodology

Methodology/Methods

1. Research Design

2. Locale

3. Sampling Techniques

4. Instruments

5. Data Gathering Procedure

6. Methods of Analysis

Methodology

The section of a research paper that explains how the study was conducted. It describes the processes, techniques, and tools used to collect and analyze data.

Research Design

This describes the overall approach or plan for the study

Purpose of a Research Design

- To guide the researcher in following a clear process

- To allow other researchers to replicate or evaluate the study

- To ensure the validity and reliability of the findings

1. Descriptive

2. Quasi

3. Correlational

4. Experimental

Quantitative Designs

Descriptive

Describes the current conditions, characteristics, or behaviors of a population or phenomenon and shows what exists or is happening.

Key features of Descriptive

- No manipulation of variables

- Focus on what is, not why it happens

- Often uses surveys, observations, or checklists

Correlational

This investigates the relationship between two or more variables without manipulating them

Key features of Correlational

- No cause-and-effect; it only shows association

- Measures direction (positive or negative) and strength of relationship

- Uses statistical tools like Pearson's r or Spearman rho

Experimental

This involves the manipulation of an independent variable to observe its effect on a dependent variable under controlled conditions

Key features of Experimental

- Has two groups: experimental and Control

- Involves random assignment of participants

- Has high control over variables

Experimental group

Receives the treatment or intervention

Control group

Does not receive treatment or intervention (used for comparison)

Quasi-experimental

This is similar to experimental design but lacks random assignment or full control over variables.

Key features of Quasi-experimental

- Has treatment and comparison groups, but not randomly assigned.

- Common in educational and social settings (e.g., classrooms, communities).

- Balances practicality and scientific control.

Locale

Where the study is conducted

Sampling Techniques

The method employes to choose a sample from a population

Populaiton

The entire that you want to draw conclusions about

Sample

The specific group that you will collect data from.

Margin of error

5% or 0.005

Confidence level

A 95% _ means 95% of survey repetitions would fall within the margin of error.

Nonprobability sampling

Convenience sampling, Purposive sampling

Probability Sampling

- With this selection criteria, each member has an equal chance of being included in the sample.

- Our best shot at producing a sample that is accurately representative of the population and enables us to draw robust statistical conclusions about the entire group is through probability sampling.

Simple random sampling

- Every person in the population has an equal

probability of getting chosen in a simple random sampling.

- Assign numbers to participant and randomly select

Systematic random sampling

- In systematic sampling, the first person is chosen randomly, and the others are selected according to a predetermined sampling interval.

- i=N/n

Stratified Random Sampling

- Entails breaking the population up into smaller groups that might have significant differences.

Cluster Random Sampling

We break down the overall population into smaller groups, each of which shares the features of the population as a whole

Data Gathering Procedure

Step by step process on how you gathered your data