BIO 103 - THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE

Chemistry is the study of the ____ and properties of ____

composition, matter

Chemistry is the study of connections between the ____ world and the ____ world

everyday, molecular

Chemistry uses ____ and ____ to explain the properties of ____

atoms, molecules, matter

Water is represented by the chemical sign ___

H₂O

Water contains 2 ____ atoms and 1 ____ atom

hydrogen, oxygen

Water is held together by ____ ____ bonds

weak hydrogen

Water absorbs and releases ___ ____

heat slowly

This helps ____ our body ____

regulate, temperature

Water can exist in 3 different phases

Solid, liquid, gas

____ water is more dense than ____ - the ____ in liquid water are packed _____ together

liquid, ice, atoms, closely

Water is the ____ _____

universal sulvent

Universal solvent is a ____ substance capable of ____ other substances

liquid, dissolving

Water is able to undergo _____

dissociation

Dissociation is to undergo a _____ or _______ breakdown of a molecule into _____ molecules or atoms

reversible, temporary, simpler

When dissociation occurs, it will form 2 ____

ions

Ions are _____ that carry a _____ as a result of giving up or taking on ____

atoms, charge, electrons

The ions formed are:

____ - hydrogen ion

____ - hydroxide (hydroxyl) ion

H⁺, OH^-

Acids are molecules that ____ in water

dissociate

Acids ____ hydrogen ions (H⁺)

release

Bases are molecules that either:

Take up ____ ions or;

_____ hydroxide ions (OH^-)

hydrogen, release

pH stands for “_____ of ____”

potential, hydrogen

pH scale is used to indicate the ____ and ____ of a ____

acidity, basicity, solution

Solution is a mixture of ___ or ____ substances

1, more

pH is defined as the ____ logarithm of the _____ ion concentration

negative, hydrogen

The pH scale ranges from _____

0 to 14

A ____ pH means a ____ concentration of _____ ions

low, high, hydrogen

A ____ pH means a ____ concentration of _____ ions

high, low, hydrogen

Adding an ___ to a solution _____ the concentration of hydrogen ions and therefore the pH _____

acid, increases, decreases

Adding a ___ to a solution _____ the concentration of hydrogen ions and therefore the pH _____

base, decreases, increases

A pH ____ than 7 is ___

less, acidic

_____ hydrogen ions, ____ hydroxyl ions results in a pH lower than 7 and is acidic

more, less

A pH ____ than 7 is ____

greater, basic

_____ hydrogen ions, ____ hydroxyl ions results in a pH greater than 7 and is basic

less, more

A pH=7 is _____

neutral

______ number of hydrogen ions as hydroxyl ions results in a neutral pH

same

Each pH unit has a ____ fold difference in ____ concentration

10, H⁺

Buffers keep the pH ____

steady

Buffers are _____ or a ____ of chemicals

chemicals, combination

Buffers take up ____ H⁺ or OH^- in order to keep the pH ______

excess, constant

Buffers help organisms ____ a relatively constant pH

maintain

Ex: the _____ ion prevents any changes in the ____ pH when an acid or base is ____

bicarbonate, blood, ingested

When an acid combines with a base, a ____ molecule and a ____ molecules are formed

salt, water

A salt consist of 2 things:

The _____ ion of the ____ and;

The _____ ion of the ____

positive, base, negative, acid

Some other important molecules are _____

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids

The function of proteins is that they are used for _____ and support

structure

Proteins are also used as _____

enzymes

Proteins are made up of:

______ acids, which are held together by-

______ bonds

amino, peptide

Proteins are made up of ____ amino acids

20

The ____ properties of the amino acids of proteins determines the biological ____ of the protein

chemical, activity

Amino acid ____ contain the necessary info to determine how it will fold into a ___ structure, and the ____ of the resulting structure

sequences, 3D, stability

The 20 amino acids are:

alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine

Humans can produce ___ of the 20 amino acids

10

The 10 we produce (non essential amino acids) are:

alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine

The others, known as _____ amino acids, must be supplied in _____

essential, food

Failure to obtain enough of even ___ of the 10 essential amino acids result in _____ of the body’s proteins in order to ____ the one amino acid that is _____

1, degradation, obtain, needed

Unlike fat and starch, the human body does not _____ excess amino acids for ____ use - the amino acids ____ be in the food every ___

store, later, must, day

Protein organization -

• Primary structure

  The ____ amino acid chain

• Secondary structure

  The chain is _____ in ____

• Tertiary structure

  The final ___-dimensional shape

• Quaternary structure

  The shape or structure that results from the ____ of more than ___ protein molecule

linear, oriented, space, 3, interaction, one

The term carbohydrates means “ ______ of ____”

hydrates, carbon

Carbohydrates have a ____ ratio of ____ atoms to _____ atoms

hydrogen, oxygen

Carbohydrates are a ____-term energy source

short

There are 3 types of carbohydrates:

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Monosaccharides are also known as “ ____ sugars”

simple

Monosaccharides consist of ___ carbohydrate molecules

one

There are 2 types of monosaccharides:

• ______ sugar - contains ___ carbon atoms

• ______ sugar - contains ___ carbon atoms

pentose, 5, hexose, 6

Some examples of _____ sugars:

• ____ - our bodies _____ energy source

• ____ - found in ____

• ____ - found in ____

hexose, glucose, primary, fructose, fruits, galactose, milk

Disaccharides are made up of 2 _____ molecules

monosaccharides

Some examples of disaccharides are:

• ____ - 2 ____ molecules joined together

• ____ - _____ sugar; made up of a ____ and a ____ molecule joined together

maltose, glucose, sucrose, table, glucose, fructose

Polysaccharides are a _____ of ______

polymer, monosaccharides

A ____ is a large organic molecule formed by combining many smaller molecules in a regular pattern

polymer

Some examples of polysaccharides are:

• ____ - storage form of ____ in plants

• ____ - storage form of glucose in ____ cells

• ____ - found in plant cell walls to provide ____

starch, glucose, glycogen, animal, cellulose