APUSH Unit 4

Who were the main candidates in the Election of 1800?

John Adams (Federalist) and Thomas Jefferson & Aaron Burr (Democratic-Republican).

What was the Federalist position on tariffs in 1800?

Supported tariffs to raise revenue.

What was the Democratic-Republican position on tariffs in 1800?

Supported tariffs to raise revenue.

How did Federalists view the power of the federal government?

They wanted a stronger national government.

How did Democratic-Republicans view the power of the federal government?

They wanted powers reserved for states.

What was the Federalist stance on foreign relations?

Pro-British.

What was the Democratic-Republican stance on foreign relations?

Pro-French.

How was the tie in the Election of 1800 resolved?

The House of Representatives voted, each state having one vote.

Who became president after the Election of 1800?

Thomas Jefferson

What is the significance of the Election of 1800?

Peaceful transfer of power; called the “Revolution of 1800.”

What were roles Jefferson held before presidency.

Secretary of State to Washington, Vice President to John Adams, Minister to France, or Author of Declaration of Independence.

Jefferson’s perspective on the economy?

Preferred agriculture over industry; yeoman farmers; feared class conflict from wage labor.

Jefferson’s perspective on federal government power?

Strict interpretation of the Constitution; strong state sovereignty; Bill of Rights necessary.

Jefferson’s foreign policy perspective?

“Empire of liberty”; avoid standing army; avoid entangling alliances; limit international trade.

Jefferson’s view on society and culture regarding church and state?

Supported separation of church and state.

Jefferson’s perspective on African American and Native Americans?

Complicated but supported white supremacy and Americanization.

Why did Napoleon sell the Louisiana Territory?

Lost interest in Americas; needed funds for European wars.

How much did the U.S. pay for the Louisiana Territory?

$15 million

What major river was included in the Louisiana Purchase?

The Mississippi River.

How did Jefferson justify the Louisiana Purchase constitutionally?

Used treaty-making powers; Senate ratified despite Federalist opposition.

What were the goals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition?

Explore territory, map routes, gather land and scientific information.

What was the outcome of the Lewis and Clark Expedition?

Improved geographic knowledge; encouraged western settlement.

Who was John Marshall?

Federalist Chief Justice; strengthened federal government; served 34 years; established judicial review.

Judicial Review

The power to decide whether an act of Congress or the president is constitutional.

What was the significance of Marbury v. Madison (1803)?

Established judicial review; enforced federal supremacy.

What happened in Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)?

Court ruled state cannot alter private contracts; strengthened Supreme Court role.

What was the significance of McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)?

States cannot tax federal banks; National Bank constitutional; federal supremacy strengthened.

What was the ruling in Gibbons v. Ogden (1821)?

Interstate commerce is controlled by Congress, not states; strengthened federal power.

Why is Monroe’s presidency called the Era of Good Feelings?

Federalist Party declined, Democratic-Republicans unified and nationalism grew.

What were cultural signs of growing nationalism under Monroe?

American art/literature, school textbooks, new Capitol building.

Economic impact of the War of 1812?

Growth of manufacturing; increased infrastructure demand; protective economic policies.

Tariff of 1816.

Protective tariff to support American manufacturers.

What are the three parts of Henry Clay’s American System?

Protective tariffs, national bank, internal improvements (roads/canals).

What caused the Panic of 1819?

Land speculation, tightened credit by National Bank, state banks closed, bankruptcies and unemployment.

What caused increased migration to the West?

Acquisition of Native land, economic pressures, improved transportation, immigrants, market revolution.

What was the Missouri Compromise?

Missouri admitted as slave state; Maine as free state; 36°30′ line set for future admissions.

Why was slavery a sectional issue during this period?

Benefited every region economically but created political and moral conflict.

How did Jefferson handle the Barbary Pirates?

Sent fleet to Mediterranean; sporadic fighting; gained US respect.

What was the Embargo Act of 1807?

Prohibited US ships from foreign ports; intended to avoid war; hurt US economy.

Causes of the War of 1812?

British violations of US neutrality, impressment, Native conflicts, desire for Florida/Canada, pressure from War Hawks.

Outcomes of the War of 1812?

International respect, weakened Native resistance, US manufacturing growth, western expansion.

What was the Treaty of Ghent?

Ended the War of 1812; restored prewar boundaries; returned conquered territories.

What was the Adams-Onis Treaty?

Gave Florida to US; set boundary between US and Spanish territory.

What did the Monroe Doctrine state?

Western Hemisphere under US influence; European intervention considered hostile.

How did voting change in the early 1800s?

States eliminated land requirements; more white men could vote.

How did election campaigns change during this period?

Greater public involvement; newspapers and rallies used to gain votes.

Who won the 1824 election?

John Quincy Adams (via Help by Henry Clay House of Representatives).

Who won the 1828 election?

Andrew Jackson

What new political parties arose in the 1820s-1830s?

Democrats (Jackson) and Whigs (Clay).

What was the Nullification Crisis?

Conflict over whether states could nullify federal laws; Jackson enforced federal law.

Jackson’s position on the National Bank?

Vetoed it; reduced federal economic control; strengthened presidential power.

What was the Indian Removal Act of 1830?

Authorized removal of Native Americans from southeastern US to lands west.

What happened on the Trail of Tears?

17,000 Cherokee forced to march 1,000 miles; 25% died due to harsh conditions.

Impressment

the British practice of forcibly taking sailors from other ships to serve in the Royal Navy

Tecumseh Confederacy

a coalition of Native American tribes in the early 19th century, led by Shawnee chief Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa, that aimed to resist U.S. expansion into their lands. The confederacy, based at Prophetstown, sought to unite tribes through a Shared beliefs of resistance and rejection of British customs

First 7 Presidents of US

George Washington 1789-97 John Adams 1797-1801, Thomas Jefferson 1801-09, James Madison1809-17, James Monroe 1817-25, John Quincy Adams 1825-29, Andrew Jackson 1829-37

Worcester v. Georgia

• Missionary Samuel Worcester was jailed for refusing to take Georgia’s loyalty oath, which required supporting Indian Removal.

• Worcester brought his case to the U.S. Supreme Court.

• The Cherokee also took their case to the Supreme Court,

• Federal law recognized the Cherokee Nation as an independent nation outside state control.

• Georgia state law denied Cherokee sovereignty and claimed their land.

• The Cherokee won in the Supreme Court.

Outcome of Worcester v. Georgia

• The Court ruled the Indian Removal Act unconstitutional because it violated federal law.

• The Supreme Court can only declare laws unconstitutional.

• The Executive Branch is responsible for enforcing the Court’s decisions.

Barbarian Pirates

• President washington and Adams had been paying tribute to the barbary government in order to keep the peace

• They demanded an increased amount from jefferson

• Jefferson sent a small fleet to the mediterranean

• Sporadic fighting continued for 4 years and never resulted in a decisive victory

Significance of Barbary pirates

The US gained some respect and created a measure of protection for US ships in Mediterranean waters