KEY ISSUES #1-4 : CHAPTER 2

APHUG Flashcards

2/3s of the world inhabitants clustered in 4 regions

1. Europe

2. Southeast Asia

3. South Asia

4. East Asia

Site and situation of population clusters

• Low-lying areas with fertile soil and temperate climate

• Near an ocean or a river with easy access to an ocean

Sparsely populated regions

Humans avoid clustering in certain physical environments

• Dry lands

• Wet lands

• Cold lands

• High lands

The 5 “Toos”

1. Too hot

2. Too cold

3. Too dry

4. Too wet

5. Too hilly

Ecumene

Permanent human settlement

Nonecumene

Uninhabited area

Arithmetic density

Total number of objects in an area

• Population / land density

Physiological density

Number of people supported by a unit area of farmable (arable) land

• Population / arable land

Agriculture density

Ratio of the number of farmers to amount of arable land

• Population of farmers / arable land area

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

• Total number of live births in a year out of 1000 living people

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

• Total number of deaths in a year out of 1000 living people

Natural Increase Rate/Rate of Natural Increase (NIR/NRI)

• Percent by which a population grows in a year 

  • ((CBR-CDR) / 1000) x 100

Components of population growth - NIR

Affects the “doubling time” — number of years to double population assuming a constant rate of increase

• Rule of 70: 70 / growth rate percent = “doubling time”

  • 95% of the natural increase is clustered in developing countries

Total Fertility Rate - TFR

Average number of babies a woman will have during her child-bearing years (15-49)

• TFR for the world is 2.3

• Low in developed countries

  • Republic of Korea is 0.78

  • US is 1.64

• High in underdeveloped countries

  • Sub-Saharan Africa is 4-5+

Infant Mortality Rates - IMR

Number of deaths of infants under one year out of 1000 live births per year

• Classified as per 1000 births rather than a percentage

  • Low in developed countries

  • High in Sub-Saharan Africa

Child Mortality Rate - CMR

Number of deaths in children under 5 years old out of 1000 live births per year

Dependency ratio

Measure used to indicate the ratio of people in the “dependent” (“non-working” or “unproductive”) compared to those who are working

• Dependents = ages 0-14 and 65+ compared to 100 economically productive people (15-64)

Formula for Dependency ratio

(% of population under 15 + % of population aged 65+ / % of population ages 15-64) × 100

Sex ratio

Number of males per 100 females

• Natural rate of 1.05 males per females (105 men per women)

Developing countries

Higher rates

Developed countries

Lower rates

Y-Axis of population pyramids

• Age cohorts usually grouped together in 5-year intervals

• Youngest at the bottom, oldest at the top

X-Axis of population pyramids

• Percent of males displayed to the left

• Percent of females displayed to the right

Expansive/expanding population pyramid

Wide bottom

Stationary/column population pyramid

Wide bottom, rounded 

Constricting/contracting population pyramid

Bottom curving into itself, rounded

Inverted/kite shape population pyramid

Japan, Italy

High fluctuating BR

High

High fluctuating DR

High

High fluctuating NIR

Low and fluctuating 

High fluctuating development

Very low

High fluctuating: where?

Pre-industrial, very low income countries (LIC)

• Uncontacted tribes

Early Expanding/Youthful BR

High

Early Expanding/Youthful DR

Decreasing rapidly

Early Expanding/Youthful NIR

Rapid increase

Early Expanding/Youthful development

Low (LIC)

• Indicates the beginning of industrialization/increased access to healthcare

Early Expanding/Youthful: where?

LDCs like Sub-Saharan Africa, Afghanistan

• Lots of other developing countries

Late expanding BR

Decreasing rapidly

Late expanding DR

Decreasing more slowly/Low

Late expanding NIR

Low and fluctuating

Late expanding development

Low to medium

• "Newly Emerged Economy” (NEE)

Late expanding: where?

Post-industrial countries

• Europe, North America, etc…

Low fluctuating/stable BR

Low

Low fluctuating/stable DR

Low

Low fluctuating/stable NIR

Low and fluctuating

Low fluctuating/stable development

High/very high (HDCs)

• High developed country

Low fluctuating/stable: where?

Post-industrial countries

• Europe, North America, etc…

Decline BR

Very low (Below the DR)

Decline DR

Low

Decline NIR

Low; decreasing slowly

Decline development

Very high (HDCs)

Decline: where?

Russia, Japan

• Some other European countries

Anomalies/limitations

Some countries don’t quite fit the DTM

• Population structure heavily skewed by migration

Skewed towards males?

Heavy oil producing countries around the Persian Gulf

• High proportion of young male migrant workers

How do you lower BR/TFR?

Improve education and healthcare in LICs

• Contraceptives

  • Can be pushback due to cultural/religious factors

Pro and Anti-Natalism

Countries grow too fast or are shrinking

Low birth-rates: Pro-Natalist policies

• Japan

• Denmark

• Singapore

High birth-rates: Anti-Natalist policies

• China’s One Child Policy (1970s-2015)

• India’s forced sterilization (1960s-1970s)

One Child Policy : China

Couples had to apply to have a child

• Men could not marry until 22, women until 20

One Child

Increased social credit score

• Money, food, expanded opportunities

Second Child

Massive fines, reduction in social credit

• Voluntary and involuntary sterilization

Sex selective proccesses

Aborted female babies due to a desire for a male heir

End of the One Child Policy

Officially ended in 2015 in favor of the Two Child Policy

• Kinda a Three Child Policy now

India

1970s

• Forced sterilization program to combat population growth

  • Outcry for inhumane—affective Antinatalist policy

Thomas Malthus (1798)

Claimed that the population would grow faster than the food supply would

• Would cause a great famine

Critiques of Malthus

• Considered too pessimistic 

  • Thought supply of resources was fixed, not expanding

• Disagree that population was not a problem

  •  Larger population = economic growth = more food

Theory and reality

• Food production increased over the last 90 years (Faster than Malthus thought)

• Model predicted that the world population would quadruple over 50 years

  • Not even India’s population growth has surpassed food production

First criticism of Malthusian Theory

Factors have slowed population growth

• Contraceptives

• Education and advancements in women

Seconds criticism of Malthusian Theory

Factors that increased farming efficiency

• Mechanized farming

• Hybrid seeds

• Chemical fertilizers

Third criticism of Malthusian Theory

New technologies and inventions

• More efficient travel to deliver food to a wider range of consumers without spoiling

• Refrigeration in trucks and railcars as well as homes

• Tin cans to preserve food for longer periods

Neo-Malthusians

Mid 1900s

• Same beliefs, but argue that technology can’t save the population