dat

ectoderm

nervous system

ectoderm

neural tube

ectoderm

integumentary system

ectoderm

adrenal medullae

ectoderm

teeth

ectoderm

sensory structures

endoderm

epithelial lining of digestive, excretory, and respiratory systems

endoderm

liver

endoderm

pancreas

hypoblast

yolk sac

mesoderm

notochord

telencephalon

develops into cerebrum

telencephalon and diencephalon

develops into forebrain

cerebrum

coordinates movement and regulates body temperature

diencephalon

develops into hypothalamus, thalamus, pineal gland

hypothalamus

water balance, blood pressure regulation, body temp regulation

thalamus

sensory information relayed between spinal cord and cerebral cortex

pineal gland

melatonin to maintain circadian rhythm

midbrain

relays visual and auditory information, motor control

mesencephalon

develops into midbrain

metencephalon and myelencephalon

develops into hindbrain

metencephalon

develops into pons and cerebellum

pons

relay center allows for communication between cerebral cortex and cerebellum

cerebellum

balance, hand-eye coordination, timing of rapid movements, and motor skills

myelencephalon

develops into medulla oblongatam

medulla oblongata

regulates breathing, heart rate, gastrointestinal activity

brainstem

made up of medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

ketone

meta director

ester

meta director

carboxylic acid

meta director

c(triple bond)n: nitrile

meta director

nr3+ (ammonium)

meta director

so3h

meta director

no2

meta director

f/cl/br/i

ortho/para director

nh2/nrh/nr2 (primary, secondary, tertiary amine group)

ortho/para director

o-c(=o)-r (attached to the o)

ortho/para director

-oh (alcohol)

ortho/para director

-ch3 (methyl)

ortho/para director

-or

ortho/para director

-sh or -sr

ortho/para director

amide

ortho/para director

adrenal medulla

produces epinephrine/norepinephrine

anterior pituitary

produces thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

hypothalamus (produces), posterior pituitary stores

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

adrenal cortex

produces glucocorticoids (cortisol) and mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)

glutamate

excitatory neurotransmitter

epinephrine/norepinephrine

excitatory neurotransmitters

dopamine

inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter

serotonin

inhibitory neurotransmitter (mood, sleep, libido, anxiety, appetite, pain)

glycine

inhibitory neurotransmitter (movement, vision, audition)

gaba

inhibitory neurotransmitter

dieckmann condensation

methoxide (ch3o-)

aldol reaction

naoh

nbs/hv

add bromine to allylic/benzylic position

br2/febr3

add bromine directly to benzene ring

sn2 rate law depends on

=k[substrate][nucleophile]

e2 rate law depends on

=k[substrate][base]

sn1 rate law depends on

=k[substrate]

e1 rate law depends on

=k[substrate]

h2 pd/C or pt

syn addition of H

H3o+

markovnikov addition of H and OH

ROH and H+

markovnikov addition of OR and H

Hg(OAc)2, H2o, NaBH4

anti addition, markovnikov (mercurunium ion intermediate)

BH3, THF, h2O2, OH-, h2o

syn addition, anti markovnikov of H and OH

cold, dilute KMnO4

syn addition of OH

OsO4, NaHSO3/H2o

syn addition of OH

RCO3H, H3O+

anti addition of OH

mcPBA/RCO3H

syn addition

br2/ccl4

anti addition (bromonium ion intermediate)

br2/h2o

anti addition of Br and OH, markovnikov (bromonium ion intermediate)

hbr

markovnikov addition of H and Br

h2, lindlar’s catalyst

alkyne to cis alkene

na or li nh3 (l)

alkyne to trans alkene

hgso4, h2so4, h2o

terminal alkyne to ketone (markovnikov)

sia2BH THF, h2o2OH, h2o

terminal alkyne to aldehyde vis antimarkovnikov

alcohol ir

3200-3500, broad peak

secondary amine ir

3200-3500, 1 peak

primary amine ir

3200-3500, 2 peak

carboxylic acid ir

2500-3500

nitrile ir

2200-2250

carbonyl ir

1700-1750

aromatic ir

1450-1600

fingerprint region ir

400-1500

br2/ccl4 reagent test

bromine test

bromine test

tests for alkenes and alkynes, disappears brown

dilute kmno4 reagent test

baeyer test

baeyer test

tests for alkenes and alkynes disappearance of purple solution to form brown precipitate

agno3 in alcohol reagent test

tests for alkyl halides, formation of silver halide salt

i2/naoh reagent test

iodoform test

iodoform test

tests for methyl ketones, formation of yellow precipitate

ag2o/nh3 or ag(nh3)2+

tollen’s test

tollen’s test

test for aldehydes, silver mirror along inside of tube signifies positive result

zncl2/hcl reagent test

lucas test

lucas test

tests for 2, 3, benzylic alcohols, cloudy solution sn1

cro3/h2so4 reagent test

jones test

jones test

tests for 1, 2 alcohols, formation of blue-greenish color