BIO-201L Topic 4: Terms List - Joints and Muscle Tissue

Articulation

A joint where bones meet.

Synarthrosis

A joint that allows no movement.

Amphiarthrosis

A slightly moveable joint.

Diarthrosis

A freely moveable joint.

Synostosis

A totally ridged, immovable joint created when two bones fuse.

Sutures

Immovable joints found in the skull, held together by dense fibrous connective tissue.

Gomphoses

Peg in socket fibrous joints.

Syndesmoses

Joints where bones are connected by ligaments, allowing slight movement.

Synchondroses

Immovable joints where bones are joined by hyaline cartilage.

Symphyses

Joints where bones are joined by fibrocartilage, providing strength and flexibility.

Synovial Joints

Joints with a fluid-filled synovial cavity allowing a wide range of motion.

Articular capsule

Covers the ends of bones, reducing friction and absorbing shock.

Synovial cavity

Space that lubricates the joint and reduces friction.

Synovial fluid

Fluid inside a joint responsible for lubrication and shock absorption.

Articular cartilages

Cartilage covering the articulating surfaces of bones to reduce friction.

Menisci

Fibrocartilage between two bones.

Fat pads

Adipose tissue located superficial to the joint capsule.

Bursae

Small fluid-filled pouches that help reduce friction in joints.

Tendon sheath

A layer of synovial membrane wrapping around a tendon.

Anulus fibrosus

Tough outer layer of fibrocartilage surrounding the nucleus pulposus.

Nucleus pulposus

Gelatinous core of intervertebral discs, aiding in shock absorption.

Protruding disc

A bulging disc with no break in the outer layer.

Herniated disc

Condition where the nucleus pulposus breaks through the annulus fibers.

Glenoid labrum

Fibrocartilage that increases socket depth in the shoulder joint.

Coraco-acromial ligament

Ligament that supports the shoulder from above.

Acromioclavicular ligament

Ligament connecting the acromion to the clavicle.

Coracoclavicular ligament

Provides stability between the coracoid process and the clavicle.

Annular ligament

Binds the radius to the ulna, allowing radial rotation.

Radial collateral ligament

Stabilizes the lateral side of the elbow.

Ulnar collateral ligament

Stabilizes the medial side of the elbow.

Acetabular labrum

Fibrocartilage that increases joint cavity depth in the hip joint.

Ligamentum teres

Connects the femoral head with the acetabulum.

Pubofemoral ligament

Limits excessive extension and abduction at the hip.

Ischiofemoral ligament

Helps prevent hip hyperextension.

Iliofemoral ligament

The strongest ligament that prevents hip hyperextension.

Patellar ligament

Connects the kneecap to the tibia.

Quadriceps tendon

Connects quadriceps muscles to the kneecap.

Lateral collateral ligament (LCL)

Stabilizes the lateral side of the knee joint.

Medial collateral ligament (MCL)

Stabilizes the medial side of the knee joint.

Medial meniscus

Cushion and stabilizer in the knee joint.

Lateral meniscus

Cushion and stabilizer in the knee joint.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

Resists anterior tibial translation.

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

Resists posterior translation of the tibia.

Muscle contraction

The tightening, shortening, or lengthening of muscles during activity.

Skeletal muscle functions

1. Produce skeletal movement 2. Maintain posture 3. Support soft tissues 4. Guard entrances/exits 5. Maintain body temperature 6. Store nutrients.

Skeletal muscle

Has striations, long cylindrical fibers, and is multinucleated.

Cardiac muscle

Has striations, branched fibers, and one centrally located nucleus.

Smooth muscle

Lacks striations, has spindle-shaped fibers, and a single central nucleus.