Science: Chapter 2 Lesson 2-The Cell

A flexible covering that protects the inside of a cell from the environment outside a cell

Cell membrane

A stiff structure outside the cell membrane that protects the cell from viruses and harmful organisms

Cell wall

A network of threadlike proteins joined together that gives the cell shape and helps it move.

Cytoskeleton

Fluid inside a cell that contains salts and other molecules

Cytoplasm

A structure in eukaryotic cells with specialized functions, usually surrounded by a membrane

Organelle

A large organelle in eukaryotic cells that directs cell activities and stores genetic information in DNA.

Nucleus

Organelles that use light energy to make food (glucose) through photosynthesis

Chloroplast

How does a cell's shape relate to its function?

The size and shape of a cell relate to its job.

What surrounds every cell?

The cell membrane

What is the cell membrane made of?

Mostly proteins and phospholipids

Function of the cell wall

Protects cells from viruses and harmful organisms.

What are cell appendages used for?

Movement

What are flagella?

Long, tail-like structures that whip back and forth to move a cell.

What are cilia?

Short, hairlike structures that can move a cell or move molecules away from it.

Two types of cells

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic.

What are prokaryotic cells?

Cells without a membrane-bound nucleus or many organelles; usually unicellular.

What are eukaryotic cells?

Cells with membrane-bound nuclei and organelles; found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

Size comparison: prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic

Eukaryotic are larger

Function of the nucleus

Directs cell activities and stores genetic information in DNA.

What does the nucleus contain?

Chromosomes and proteins.

What is the nucleolus?

Structure inside the nucleus that makes ribosomes.

What is the nuclear envelope?

Two membranes around the nucleus with pores that allow molecules to enter and exit.

Where are proteins made?

In ribosomes

What are ribosomes?

Organelles not surrounded by membranes, found in cytoplasm or on ER.

What is rough ER?

ER with ribosomes; site of protein production.

What is smooth ER?

ER without ribosomes; makes lipids.

What do mitochondria do?

Release energy during chemical reactions and store it in ATP.

What is ATP?

Adenosine triphosphate – energy used for growth, division, and transport.

What do chloroplasts do?

Use light energy to make glucose through photosynthesis.

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

Prepares proteins for specific functions and packages them into vesicles.

What are vesicles?

Organelles that transport substances within the cell.

What are vacuoles?

Organelles that store food, water, and waste.