Inorganic Final

Bands

large numbers of atomic orbitals with negligible energy gaps

Insulator

HOMO-LUMO gap is large, conductivity increases as temp increases

Conductor

HOMO-LUMO gap is small, conductivity decreases as temp increases

Semi-conductor

conducts under some conditions, increasing conductivity as temp increases

Intrinsic semi-conductors

pure substances

N-type semi-conductors

add a substance with a greater number of valence electrons, adds occupied band

P-type semi-conductors

adds a substance with less valence electrons, adds unoccupied band

What determines if a substance will be n-type or p-type?

number of valence electrons

Coordinate covalent bond

bond formed in a complexation reaction

Complex ion and coordination compound charges

overall charge, neutral

Ligand

species that is bonded to a metal through a non-metal atom

Metal fragment

part of a metal complex composed of a metal and some of its ligands

Inner-sphere

covalently bonded to metal atom

Outer-sphere/counter ion

ionicly bonded to metal atom

Ambidentate ligand

ligand that can bond to a metal through multiple sites

Bidentate ligand

can bind to one or two metals through two different sites at the same time

Tridentate ligand

can bind to one or more metal centers through three different sites

Monodentate ligand

can bind to one or more metal centers through one site

Polydentate ligand

can bind to one or more metal centers through many sites

Bridging ligand

connects two atoms/sites

Chelating ligand

connects one atom/site

Denticity

atom with a lone pair that can donate a lone pair

What do atoms in coordination complexes act like?

cations

Coordination number of a metal in a complex

number of positions on the metal that are bonded

Four-coordinate d0 metal complexes

tetrahedral

Four-coordinate d8 metal complexes

square-planar

Four-coordinate d10 metal complexes

tetrahedral

Tetragonal distortions

bond length variations in octahedral atoms that change symmetry from Oh to D4h

Trigonal prismatic

when ligand positions eclipse each other

Isomers

compounds with the same chemical formula

Constitutional isomers

differ in connectivity of atoms

Stereoisomers

differ in configuration rather than connectivity

Enantiomers

non superimposable mirror images

Diastereomers

stereoisomers that aren’t enantiomers

Cis

ligands in adjacent positions

Trans

ligands in opposite positions

Fac

three cis ligands

Mer

2 cis and 1 trans ligand

Bright coloration of molecules

more conjugated and small HOMO/LUMO gap

Electronegativity relationship to field stabilization energy

more electronegative means crystal field splitting energy is lower and it is weak field (halogens are reversed)

Crystal field theory

ligands produce an electrostatic field that impacts the energies of the occupied metal d orbitals

Strong crystal field splitting energy relationship to spin

low spin

Weak crystal field splitting energy relationship to spin

high spin

Crystal field splitting energy relationship to light absorption

increased energy absorbs higher energy (lower wavelength) light

Field stabilization energy equation

(t2g x -.4 x Crystal field splitting energy ) + (eg x .6 x Crystal field splitting energy )

Stabilization energy

sum of field stabilization energy and pairing energy (lower stabilization energy is more favorable)

First row d-block metals with oxidation states of 3 or less

give high spin complexes with weak field ligands and low spin complexes with strong field ligands

Second/third row d-block metals

high spin complexes

How does the lengthening of metal-ligand bonds along the z-axis affect the energy of the dz2 orbital?

decreases energy

Jahn-Teller theorem

non-linear complexes with degenerate electron states distort to give low electron non-degenerate states

Example of a insulator, conductor, and semiconductor

diamonds, iron, silicon