Kinesiology 259 Non-Cumulative Final Exam UofCalgary

What are the two types of deafness?

Conduction and sensory deafness

What is conduction deafness?

Amplifxation of sound issue which can be mitigated with hearing aids (steals the job of the ossicles)

What is sensory deafness?

Hair cells no longer bend so you can't hear things (hearing aids can't help)

What is the balance and body position maintaining Vestibular apparatus made of?

Utricle & Saccule and Semicircular canal

How is equilibrium determined?

Bending of hair cells

How do Semi-circular canals code for equilibrium?

Using endolymph (liquid) and hair cells so the bending fires APs but endolymphs lag behind

Why do we feel like we're moving even after we stop?

Endolymph lags behind so it's still bending hair cells even after stopping

What are otholiths and what do they do?

They are heavy calcium balls that help to give the endolymph some momentum or "oomph" to bend hair

What do Utricles and Saccules detect?

Linear motion

How do chemoreceptors work?

Molecular binding causing GPs and APs

What nerves code for taste?

Facial and glossopharyngeal nerves

How does scent work?

Molecules are dissolved in mucous

Why is it that whenever I smell roses, I think of love?

Smell is connected to the limbic system which means smell evokes emotional responses or memories

What does the facial nerve code for on the tongue?

2/3 of the tongue

What does the glossopharyngeal nerve code for on the tongue?

1/3 of the tongue

What are the three types of muscle?

Cardiac, Smooth and Skeletal

What kind of muscle has the longest contractions?

Smooth

What are the first 5 orders of organization in the muscular system?

Muscle group, fasicles, fibres, myofibrils and then myofilaments

What does the Endomysium contain?

Muscle fibres

What does the Perimysium contain?

Muscle fasciles

What does the Epimysium contain?

Muscle group

What are muscles made of?

Fasciles

Another free bit of knowledge (i couldn't think of a question)! Flip it over, if you want?

Muscles use leverage like levers, fulcrums to utilize effort to move loads •ᴗ•

In the context of a leverage system: what do bones, joints and load mean?

Bones act as levers, joints as fulcrums and load is anything (bones, tissue etc) that is lifted

What class of lever are most joints in the body?

Third class

What is the strucutre of sarcomeres and what do they do?

Repeater units that contract from Z line to Z line byy myosin pulling actin towards the other line

What do myofibrils do?

They are many actin/myosin filaments surrunded by sarcoplasmic reticulum

What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum do?

Wraps around actin and myosin filaments and stores calcium

Describe muscle contraction, please?

Myosin pulls actin closer causing sarcomere shortening

What is the H zone?

Only myosin no actin overlap

What is the I band?

Zone of only Actin

What is the A-band?

The distance myosin travels during contraction

What does tropomyosin do?

Covers actin binding site

What are the regulatory muscle proteins?

Troponin and Tropomyosin

What does Titin do?

Stabilizes myosin

What does Nebulin do?

Aligns actin

What is Myomesin?

Part of the M line band in the middle of the sarcomere

What is dystrophin?

It attaches myofilaments to sarcolemmic membrane and fascia to transmit tension and shortening to themsucle group

What is excitation contraction coupling?

How a contraction is initated at the NMJ

What is an end plate potential?

Muscle grade potential

What is the process of Excitation contraction coupling?

AP at EP → EPP → T-tubues to SR → Calcium from SR → DHP activation → Ryanodine open → Calcium to troponin → Crossbridge

What is the power stroke?

Myosin head pivots increasing overlap thereby shortening sarcomere

What is the last step of Cross-bridge?

ATP hydrolization, myosin re-pivot and re-energized

What decreases in size during contraction?

Sarcomere, I-band, H zone and non-overlap zones

What stays the same in contraction?

A-band

What are isotonic contractions?

They move a load by creating a load

What are concentric isotonic contractions?

Shortening of muscle

What are eccentric isotonic contractions?

Lengthening

What are isometric contractions?

Creating force without movign the load (the muscle dies off instead of stopping)

What is isometric tension?

No visible shortening with a constant length and increasing tension

What is Isotonic tension?

Visible shortening with a constant tension

What is the latent period in muscle twitch?

Time between AP and contraction

What is twitch summation?

When multiple small twitches sumate together to make tetanus

What is the difference between incomplete and complete tetanus?

Incomplete = equal amounts of calcium in vs out compared to complete which is full steam

A heavier load results in?

More tension, latent period, distance. Less velocity and moving up.

What are the energy sources in muscle?

ATP, Creatine Phosphate, Glycogen

What are the muscle fibre types?

Slow Oxidative type 1, fast oxidative type 2a and fast glycoltic 2b

What are slow oxidative (1)fibre characteristics and function?

Slow cross bridge cycling, uses oxidative (blood) metabolism for endurance

What are fast oxidative (2a)fibre characteristics and function?

Fast cross bridge cycling, uses oxidative (blood) metabolism for higher intensity

What are fast glycolytic(2b)fibre characteristics and function?

Fast cross bridge cycling, uses glycoltic(anaerobic) metabolism for highest intensity in emergencies

What kind of muscle fibre lasts for the longest and shortest periods of time?

Long = 1 slow b/c oxidative is infientely sustainable, slowest = Type 2b b/c immediate energy is short

How often are oxidative fibres used?

A lot. Glycolytic is saved ofr emergencties

What are the characterisitcs of fatigue?

More lactic acid, less atp, more waste

Do muscle cells divide?

No. They only get bigger

What are the short term effects of exercise?

More blood supply, more temp, more acid (converted at rest dw) and wastes

What do steroids do to the heart?

Increase the size creating hypertrophy for increased blood supply

What is the stretch receptor reflex?

It prevents the over stretch of the muscle

What is the Golgi Tendon Organ reflex?

Prevents over-contraction by forcing relaxation

In the case of an increased load, what happens to the spindle?

Stretches spindle, triggers reflex and increases the contraction

What are strains?

Damage to actin and myosin due to over stretching

Where is the smooth muscle?

Wall of hollow organs with no triations

What are the three types of filaments in smooth muscle?

Thick myosin filaments, thin actin and intermediate filaments

What are intermediate filaments?

Cytoskeletal supporting of the cell shape

What does myosin activation in the smooth muscle process look like?

Calmodulin, inactive myosin kinase breaks ATOP then the myosin is phosphorylated

What are the two major types of smooth muscle?

Multiunit (independent) smooth muscle and singe-unit (moves as one unit)

What are varicostities?

Things that contain neurotransmitters

What is the difference between smooth unit and multi-unit muscle?

Single unit is self-excitable and they contract as a single unit vs multi-unit which function independently

What do desomes do?

Withstands stress

What do gap junctions do?

Spread impulses

What are the two types of intercalated disks?

Desomoms and gap junctions

What is muscular dystrophy?

Missing dystrophin means the death of muscle fibres

What is sarcopenia?

Loss of muscle mass with aging

What are the compoennts and fucntions of the limbic system?

Emotion, leanring and memory made of the hypothalamus and hippocampus

What is the differnece between short term and logn term memory?

Short term has short neural trace but fast retrieval vs higher capacity for long term with permanent neural trace

What accelerates the transfer from Short term memory to long term memory?

Sleep, exercise, diet, repetition, context and emotional resposne

What is habituation?

Repeated stimuli shows decreased response and calcium

What is Sensitization?

Rare stimuli shows increased response even if mild

What is the two functions of the spinal cord?

Reflex centre & link between brain and PNS '

What root has sensory input?

Dorsal

What root has motor output?

Ventral

What does UNMYELIENATED gray matter contain?

Cell bodies, dendrites and axon terminals

What does MYELIENATED white matter contain?

Myelienated axons

How many synapses in protectice reflexes?

Monosynaptic

What are the two proprioceptors?

Golgi Tendon Organ and Muscle Spindles

What do Alpha motor neurons for?

Carries input to muscle

What is the stretch reflex?

Receptor stretch sends AP up sensory which increases firing rate

What is the function of the Golgi Tendon Organ in stretching?

Prevents over-stretch and triggers relaxation

What is the withdrawal reflex?

Triggered by pain receptor, synapses with motor neuron to remove

What is the sympathethic nervous system?

Fight or flight

What is the parasympathethic nervous system?

Rest and digest