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Strength: Scientific Research Supports the Theory
Jacobs' research, along with various case studies, supports the idea that genetic factors may contribute to aggression and criminality. Her studies found that men with XYY syndrome were overrepresented in prisons, suggesting a potential link between the extra Y chromosome and criminal behaviour.
Strength: Supporting Evidence from Other Researchers
Other researchers have supported Jacobs' findings, further validating the XYY theory. Studies have continued to investigate the potential link between an extra Y chromosome and increased aggression, strengthening the argument for a genetic influence on criminal behaviour.
Strength: Adler et al. (2007) and Genetic Influence on Aggression
Adler et al. (2007) argued that aggressive and violent behaviour is at least partly determined by genetic factors. Their research aligns with the XYY theory, suggesting that genetics may play a role in predisposing individuals to criminal behaviour.
Weakness: Genetic Abnormalities Are Common in the General Population
Studies have found that genetic abnormalities, including XYY syndrome, are widespread throughout the general population. Many individuals with genetic abnormalities do not exhibit aggressive or criminal behaviour, raising doubts about the theory's validity.
Weakness: Not All Men with the Condition Commit Crimes
A significant limitation of the XYY theory is that not all men with the condition engage in criminal or aggressive behaviour. Many live completely normal, law-abiding lives, suggesting that having an extra Y chromosome alone is not a determining factor in criminality.
Weakness: The Theory Overlooks Environmental Factors
The XYY theory focuses too much on genetics and ignores social influences. Upbringing, peer relationships, and life experiences also shape behaviour. Individuals with XYY may face bullying or marginalisation, which could contribute to crime rather than genetics alone.
Weakness: Theilgaard (1984) Found Correlation, Not Causation
Theilgaard (1984) researched the traits of XYY men compared to XY men and found that aggressive characteristics were not significantly linked to XYY syndrome. Although he observed some correlation between XYY syndrome and criminality, this does not prove causation. Other factors could explain the behaviour observed in individuals with XYY, making the theory less reliable as a sole explanation for crime.
Weakness: Cannot Explain All Cases of Aggression or Female Criminality
The theory cannot explain all cases of male aggression or criminality, nor can it account for female offenders. Since XYY syndrome only affects males, it provides no insight into genetic influences on female criminal behaviour, making it a limited explanation.
