chem - plate tectonics stuff

Density

mass per unit volume of a substance

Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)

a standard set of conditions used for comparing properties of different gases and corresponds to a temperature of 0°C and approximately atmospheric pressure at sea level (100 kPa).

Gas pressure

the result of forces between the molecules of gas and the container walls. These forces result from collisions. Pressure can be increased by increasing the number of collisions. This can be done by shrinking the container, adding more particles, or speeding up the particles.

translation

a body shifts from one point in space to another.

rotation

a body spins around a fixed point.

vibration

an object moves rapidly back and forth but stays in a fixed place.

fluid

any substance that flows. Both liquids and gases can be considered fluids because both conform to the shape of a container. But flow by itself doesn’t help distinguish the differences between fluids and gases.

intermolecular forces

The attractive force between different molecules are intermolecular forces.

intramolecular forces

The forces that hold atoms within an individual molecule together are intramolecular forces. AKA BONDS

molecular solids

consist of molecules that are held together by the relatively weak intermolecular forces

ionic solids

consist of positively and negatively charged ions held together by ionic bonds

metallic solids

formed via strong metallic bonds

covalent network solids

consist of networks of atoms held together by covalent bonds

crystal

the particles are arranged in an orderly, repeating, three-dimensional pattern called a crystal lattice

amorphous solid

lacks an ordered internal structure. Rubber, plastic, and asphalt are examples of amorphous solids.

vapor pressure

a dynamic equilibrium occurs between the vapor and liquid, where when one particle is released into the gas, another condenses back into the liquid

sublimation

The change of a substance from solid to vapor without passing through the liquid state.

Sublimation at STP typically occurs in materials held together by very weak intermolecular forces.

phase diagram

a graph that describes the conditions of temperature and pressure at which a substance exists as a solid, liquid, or gas.

ionic compound

non-metal and a metal

molecular compound

non-metal and non-metal

covalent network solids

A covalent network solid is a molecular compound made up of networks of atoms or molecules held together by strong covalent bonds, not weak intermolecular forces.

allotropes

different physical forms of the same element. Although all allotropes of an element are composed of the same kinds of atoms, they have very different properties based on their structure.