Stem cells

Stem cells are ...

Examples: ... (multipotent), ... (pluripotent) and (plant) ...

undifferentiated, adult tissue, embryonic, meristem

Differentiation: a stem cell becoming...

specialised

Fusion of 2 haploid gametes = zygote, diploid cell that's...

undifferentiated

To differentiate stem cells, specific genes turned...

These genes control:

.../... ... organelles cell has

... of cell

extra .../... that help cell complete it's function

on or off, which, how many, shape, features, structures

Plant specialised cells: .., ... and ...

xylem, phloem, root hair cells

Xylem - water transport

dead - killed by...

hollow, waterproof, one long continuous ...

lignin, tube

Phloem - sugars

sieve plate w pores for sugar to...

companion cells adjacent actively transport sugars ../... w ATP

move across, in, out

Palisade mesophyll: many chloroplasts for max..., well developed ..., large vacuole to push chloroplasts to ...

photosynthesis, cytoskeleton, sugars

Spongey mesophyll: air gaps for gas diffusion, fewer ...

chloroplasts

Root hair cells: many mitochondria + carrier proteins to actively transport... into cells, large SA, Ψ decreases as high conc, aquaporins for... to...

osmosis, absorb water

Meristematic cells: found in root ... + ..., mitosis at fast rate makes new cells for...

shoot, tip, growth