New networking

Communication

It is almost as important to us as our reliance on air, water, food, and shelter.

World Without Boundaries

A concept where physical, cultural, and technological barriers are minimized, allowing seamless global interaction, communication, and collaboration.

Global Communities

Groups of people connected across different countries and cultures, united by shared interests, goals, or digital platforms, fostering international cooperation and understanding.

Human Network

An interconnected system of individuals who share information, resources, and relationships, enabling knowledge exchange and collective growth beyond geographical limitations.

Host or End Device

Every computer on a network is called a _____________________

Servers

computers that provide information to other end devices

Email Server

runs email server software, clients use client software to access email

Web Server

runs web server software, clients use browser software to access web pages.

File Server

stores corporate and user files, the client devices access these files

Email Server

Web Server

File Server

3 Types of Servers

Clients

are computers that send requests to the servers to retrieve information

Peer-to-Peer

it is possible to have a device be a client and a server

End Devices

These devices either send, receive, or process data within a network.

End Devices

where a message originates from or where it is received.

Intermediary Devices

interconnects end devices

Role of an Intermediary Device

• Regenerate and retransmit data signals.

• Maintain information about what pathways exist in the network.

• Notify other devices of errors and communication failures.

Network Media

Communication across a network is carried through a medium which allows a message to travel from source to destination.

Twisted Pair Cables

Used for LAN connections.

Coaxial Cables

Used in older networks and cable internet.

Ethernet Cables with RJ45 Connectors

Standard cables for wired network connections.

Copper Cables

use electrical signal

Fiber Optic Cables

Another type of network media used for high-speed data transmission

use light pulses to transfer data over long distances with minimal interference

Higher Bandwidth

Longer Distance

Less Interference

More Secure

Key Features of Fiber Optic Cables

Higher Bandwidth

Supports much faster data transfer speeds than copper cables.

Longer Distance

Can transmit data over kilometers without signal degradation.

Less Interference

Immune to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and crosstalk.

More Secure

Harder to tap into compared to copper cables.

Single-Mode Fiber (SMF)

Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF)

Types of Fiber Optic Cables

Single-Mode Fiber (SMF)

Used for long-distance communication, such as in ISPs and telecom networks.

Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF)

Used for shorter distances, like in local networks (LANs) and data centers.

Wireless networks

use radio waves, microwaves, or infrared signals instead of physical cables to transmit data.

Wi-Fi (802.11 Standards)

Bluetooth

Cellular Networks (3G, 4G, 5G)

Satellite Communication

Common examples of wireless networks

Wi-Fi (802.11 Standards)

Used for local wireless networking (e.g., home and office Wi-Fi).

Bluetooth

Short-range wireless communication for devices like smartphones and headphones.

Cellular Networks (3G, 4G, 5G)

Used for mobile internet connectivity.

Satellite Communication

Enables global coverage for internet and broadcasting.

Metal wires within cables

Glass or plastic fibers within cables (fiber-optic cable)

Wireless transmission

Media Types

Network diagrams

often called topology diagrams, use symbols to represent devices within the network.

Topology Diagrams

This is what network diagram is often called

Physical topology

diagrams illustrate the physical location of intermediary devices and cable installation.

Logical topology

diagrams illustrate devices, ports, and the addressing scheme of the network.

Network Interface Card (NIC)

barcode on routers

Physical Port

this is where cables are connected in a device

Interface

the website of the wireless connections

Small Home Networks

Small Office/Home Office

Medium to Large Networks

World Wide Networks

COMMON TYPES OF NETWORKS

Small Home Networks

connect a few computers to each other and the Internet

Small Office/Home Office

enables computer within a home or remote office to connect to a corporate network

Medium to Large Networks

many locations with hundreds or thousands of interconnected computers

World Wide Networks

connects hundreds of millions of computers world-wide – such as the internet

Network Infrastructure

refers to the collection of hardware, software, and frameworks that enable communication, connectivity, and management of a network within an organization or system.

• Local Area Network (LAN)

• Wide Area Network (WAN)

Two most common types of networks:

LAN

is a network infrastructure that spans a small geographical area.

WAN

a network infrastructure that spans a wide geographical area.

Internet

a worldwide collection of interconnected LANs and WANs.

Internet

not owned by any individual or group.

• IETF [Internet Engineering Task Force]

• ICANN [Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers]

• IAB [Internet Architecture Board]

3 groups were developed to help maintain structure on the internet:

IETF [Internet Engineering Task Force]

an open standards organization responsible for developing and promoting voluntary internet standards, particularly those that comprise the TCP/IP protocol suite

ICANN [Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers]

• nonprofit organization responsible for coordinating the maintenance and procedures of several databases

• ensuring the internet remains a unified, stable, and secure global network

IAB [Internet Architecture Board]

• oversight body responsible for the overall architecture of the internet

• It provides guidance and ensures the long-term growth and stability of the internet's technical foundation.

Intranet

a private collection of LANs and WANs internal to an organization that is meant to be accessible only to the organization’s members or others with authorization

Extranet

provide secure access to their network for individuals who work for a different organization that need access to their data on their network.

Cable

DSL [Digital Subscriber Line]

Cellular

Satellite

Dial-up Telephone

Home and Small Office Internet Connections

Cable

High bandwidth, always on, internet offered by cable television service providers.

DSL [Digital Subscriber Line]

High bandwidth, always on, internet connection that runs over a telephone line.

Cellular

Uses a cell phone network to connect to the internet.

Satellite

Major benefit to rural areas without Internet Service Providers.

Dial-up Telephone

An inexpensive, low bandwidth option using a modem.

Dedicated Leased Line

Ethernet WAN

Business DSL [Digital Subscriber Line]

Satellite

Corporate business connections

Dedicated Leased Line

• a private, high-speed, fixed connection between two points

• reserved circuits within the service provider’s network that connect distant offices

• exclusive access to bandwidth, ensuring consistent and reliable service

Business DSL [Digital Subscriber Line]

• Business DSL is available in various formats including Symmetric Digital Subscriber Lines (SDSL).

SDSL [Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line]

provides equal upload and download speeds over a single copper telephone line

Converged networks

can deliver data, voice, and video over the same network infrastructure

Converged networks

network infrastructure uses the same set of rules and standards.

Network Architecture

refers to the technologies that support the infrastructure that moves data across the network

Fault Tolerance

Scalability

Quality of Service [QoS]

Security

four basic characteristics that the underlying architectures need to address to meet user expectations

Fault Tolerance

• limits the impact of a failure by limiting the number of affected devices

• Multiple paths are required

Packet switching

splits traffic into packets that are routed over a network

Scalability

can expand quickly and easily to support new users and applications without impacting the performance of services to existing users.

Quality of Service (QoS)

• the primary mechanism used to ensure reliable delivery of content for all users

• the router can more easily manage the flow of data and voice traffic

True

Web pages can usually receive a lower priority of speed

Network Infrastructure Security

Information Security

Two Main Types of Network Security

Network Infrastructure Security

• Physical security of network devices

• Preventing unauthorized access to the devices

Information Security

Protection of the information or data transmitted over the network

Confidentiality

Integrity

Availability

Three goals of network security

Confidentiality

only intended recipients can read the data

Integrity

assurance that the data has not be altered with during transmission

Availability

assurance of timely and reliable access to data for authorized users

• Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)

• Online collaboration/ Video communications

• Cloud computing

NETWORK TRENDS

Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)

allows users to use their own devices giving them more opportunities and greater flexibility

Collaboration

is a very high priority for businesses and in education.

Cisco Webex Teams

a multifunctional collaboration tool.

• send instant messages

• post images

• post videos and links

Video calls

are made to anyone, regardless of where they are located.

Video conferencing

a powerful tool for communicating with others.

Cloud Computing

allows us to store personal files or backup our data on servers over the internet.

Public Clouds

Private Clouds

Hybrid Clouds

Custom Clouds

4 Types of Cloud

Public Clouds

Available to the general public through a pay per-use model or for free.

Private Clouds

Intended for a specific organization or entity

Hybrid Clouds

Made up of two or more Cloud types

Custom Clouds

Built to meet the needs of a specific industry

Smart Home Technology

Power-line Networking

Wireless Broadband

Technology Trends in the Home