Pharmacology PACVTP Chapters 20, 21, 22, and 23

anticancer drugs

drugs that stop the cancerous activity of malignant cells; also called antineoplastic drugs and chemotherapeutic drugs

antineoplastic drugs

drugs that stop the cancerous activity of malignant cells; also called antineoplastic drugs and chemotherapeutic drugs

biologic response modifiers (BRMs)

agents used to enhance an animal's immune response

cell-cycle nonspecific or CCNS

anticancer drug that works on any phase of the cell cycle

cell-cycle specific or CCS

anticancer drug that works on a specific phase of the cell cycle

chemotherapeutic drugs

any chemical used in the treatment, relief, or prophylaxis of a disease

doubling time

time required for the number of cancer cells to double

growth fraction

the percentage of cancer cells that are actively dividing

immunostimulant drugs

drug that increases the immune response; used to enhance an animal's immune response against infectious diseases, tumors, immunodeficiency, and alterations in antibody transfer

immunosuppressive drugs

drug that decreases the immune response by interfering with one of the stages of the cell cycle or by affecting cell messengers to the immune system

nadir

lowest point of neutrophil and platelet counts after administration of a myelosuppressive drug

palliative

treatment goal in which there is remission of secondary signs of cancer typically without an increase in the animal's survival time

pulse dosing

method of delivering some types of chemotherapeutic drugs that produce escalating levels of drug early in the dosing interval followed by a prolonged dose-free period

remission

period in which clinically detectable tumor cells and all signs of malignancy are gone

vaccine

a suspension of weakened, live, or killed microorganisms or selected proteins normally associated with these pathogens that is administered to prevent, improve, or treat an infectious disease

toxoids

vaccine used to stimulate an active immune response against a toxin

subunit vaccine

vaccine that contains the part of the antigen needed to produce the desired immune response and eliminates the parts that can cause adverse reactions or interfere with the immune response

specific immunity

defense mechanisms targeted against a particular antigen that arise from the B and T lymphocytes and results in memory

recombinant vaccines

vaccine containing a gene or part of a microorganism's DNA or RNA is isolated and removed from one organism (usually the pathogen) and inserted into the DNA (or RNA) of a nonpathogenic microorganisms (known as the vector); the microorganism's genetic material is "recombined" to make something new

polyvalent

multiple-antigen vaccine

polynucleotide or DNA vaccines

vaccine that directly injects DNA that encodes for foreign antigens into bacterial plasmids that act as vectors and when injected intramuscularly into an animal, it may be taken up by host cells where the DNA is transcribed and translated into endogenous vaccine protein allowing the animal to develop neutralizing antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocytes; ideal for microorganisms that are difficult or dangerous to grow in the laboratory; also known as a DNA vaccine

passive immunity

protection conferred when an animal receives antibody from another animal

nonspecific immunity

defense mechanisms that are directed the same against all pathogens and are the initial defense against invading agents (e.g., physical barriers, cilia, mucus production, inflammation, fever, phagocytosis, and complement)

noncore vaccines

vaccine recommended only for individual animals deemed to be at high risk for contact with the organism

natural immunity

immunity acquired during normal biological experiences

monovalent

single-antigen vaccine

inactivated or killed vaccines

vaccine made from microorganisms, microorganism parts, or microorganism by-products that have been chemically treated, heated, or exposed to gamma radiation to kill the microorganisms; also known as killed vaccine

core vaccines

vaccine recommended for all individual animals because the consequences of infection are severe, infection poses a substantial zoonotic risk, disease prevalence is high, the organism is easily transmitted to others of its species, and or the vaccine is safe and efficacious

bacterin

inactivated bacteria that serve as a vaccine against bacteria

autogenous vaccines

vaccine produced for a specific disease problem in a specific area

attenuation

process of losing virulence

artificial immunity

immunity acquired through medical procedures

antitoxins

substances that contain antibodies obtained from an animal that has been hypersensitized to neutralize toxins

antiserum

antibody-rich serum obtained from a hypersensitized or actually infected animal

antigen

anything that stimulates immune response

antibody titer

a serum test that expresses the level of antibody to a particular antigen in a particular individual

antibodies

protein made by activated B-lymphocytes (plasma cells) to counteract a specfic antigen

adjuvants

a substance that enhances the immune response

active immunity

a reaction that occurs when an animal receives an antigen that activates the B and T lymphocytes and produces memory

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain that stabilizes nerve cell membranes and helps block nerve impulse transmission in the CNS; abbreviated GABA

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

drugs that work by inhibiting the enzyme MAO, thus reducing the destruction of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin and increasing their free level in the CNS; abbreviated MAOIs

pheromones

chemicals that trigger a natural behavioral response usually within or between members of the same species

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

drugs that selectively inhibit serotonin reuptake, resulting in increased serotonin neurotransmission. This group is used in treating depression, aggression, anxiety, phobias, and compulsive disorders; abbreviated SSRIs

serotonin antagonist reuptake inhibitors (SARIs)

drugs that cause an increase in serotonin concentration at the nerve synapse by inhibiting serotonin uptake; abbreviated SARIs

Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)

drugs that have a three-ring (tricyclic) structure and work by interfering with the reuptake of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic nerve cell; abbreviated TCA

acupuncture

examination and stimulation of body points by use of acupuncture needles, injections, and other techniques

alternative medicine

treatments and/or therapies that are outside accepted conventional medicine

botanical medicine

discipline that uses plants and plant derivatives as therapeutic agents

Chinese traditional herbal medicine

discipline based on a holistic philosophy of life that emphasizes the relationship among the mental, emotional, and physical components of the individual, as well as the importance of harmony among individuals, their social groups, and the general population

chiropractic

examination, diagnosis, and treatment of animals through manipulation and adjustments of specific joints and cranial structures>

complementary medicine

therapies that can be used with or in addition to conventional treatment

holistic veterinary medicine

comprehensive approach to health care that uses both alternative and conventional diagnostic techniques and therapeutic approaches

homeopathy

medical discipline in which animal conditions are treated by administration of very small doses of substances that are capable of producing clinical signs in healthy animals

nutraceutical medicine

discipline that uses micronutrients, macronutrients, and other nutritional supplements as therapeutic agents

physical therapy

use of noninvasive techniques for the rehabilitation of animal injuries

poultices

a form of herbal treatment made by boiling fresh or dried herbs, squeezing out excess liquid, cooling the herb, and applying it to the skin

Western herbal medicine

discipline based on belief that individuals have an inner force that works to maintain physical, emotional, and mental health