Sports med test!!

Sports Injury

an injury that occurs in sport/athletic activity that may result in restriction in participation.

Acute Injury

A rapid onset injury from a traumatic event

Chronic Injury

Slow onset implying a gradual development of structural damage

extrinsic

___________ factors to overuse injuries: excessive training, lack of adequate recovery, incorrect technique, playing on uneven or hard surfaces, incorrect equipment.

intrinsic

________________ factors to overuse injuries: immature cartilage, lack of flexibility, lack of proper conditioning, psychological factors

catastrophic injury

severe injury incurred during participation in a school/college sponsored sport

direct catastrophic injury

result from direct participation
ex: neck fracture from a tackle

indirect catastrophic injury

caused by systemic failure resulting in exertion while participationg
ex: heat stroke during XC run

Soft tissue

skin, muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, vessels

Skeletal tissue

bones and joints

Sprain

stretch/tear of LIGAMENTS

strain

stretch/tear of TENDONS or MUSCLES

1st degree

what type of strain/sprain has mild pain, minimal loss of function, bruising?

2nd degree

what type of strain/sprain has moderate pain, swelling, bruising, loss of function, more extensive damage?

3rd degree

what type of strain/sprain has complete rupture/tear, adequate swelling and bruising, extreme pain, loss of function and stability?

Sign

some thing you can see or feel on another person (i.e. swelling, deformity, loss of function, crepitation)

Symptom

something a patient feels (i.e. pain, tenderness, shock)

Fracture

breaks or cracks in a bone

Dislocation

the temporary displacement of a bone from its normal position in a joint

Subluxation

partial displacement (out and back in)

Luxation

complete dislocation (deformity=key sign)

Epithilial tissue

protection, secretion, absorption

muscular tissue

contraction

Nervous tissue

sensation, conductivity

Connective Tissue

most common tissue, primary component of muscoloskeletal system

areolar connective tissue

loosely woven and irregularly arranged

dense connective tissue

tightly packs and organized

compressive force

application of inward pushing force

tensile force

outward pulling force

shear force

forces to displace layers parallel

critical force

the limit on the amount of force a certain tissue can withstand

critical force

factors that contribute to _________ _________: age, temperature, skeletal maturity, gender, body weight

Resolution, regeneration, repair

3 outcomes that injured tissue can heal

physiologic actions

What happens when tissues are damaged? the body reacts quickly with a predictable sequence of _____________ _____________

resolution

dead cells and cellular debris are removed and tissue is left functionally the same and healed

Regeneration

damaged tissue is replaced by some cells of the same type alond with scar tissue and it retains most of its original structure

Repair

original tissue is replaced by scar tissue and the original structure and function are lost

inflammation

what is the body's initial response to trauma?

read

The three physiological healing phases:Inflammatory response phase, fibroplastic repair phase, maturation/remodeling phase

chemicals

in response to injury the body releases __________ for cellular breakdown, vasodilation, to attract scavenger cells

inflammatory response phase

tissue is destroyed due to trama--body walls of area from rest of body--serves to clean up debris and provide necessary chemical and enzymatic components for healing--last 3-4 days (can be disturbed by additional trauma making phase longer)

fibroblastic repair phase

fibroblastic repair phase New connective tissue starts to form as soon as the inflammatory response phase nears the end, lasts up to 6 weeks

repair, interconnect

in fibroblastic repair phase damaged cappilaries _______ themselves and _______________ to form new vessels (allows new vascular supply), fibroblasts migrate to the area to help produce collagen and proteins

remodeling phase

lasts up to 12 months, appropiate stress applied to new collagen and tissue specific fibers to form strong configuration.

impede healing

factors that _____________ _____________: Extent of injury, edema, hemorrhage, poor vascular supply, separation of tissue, muscle spasm, atrophy, corticosteroids, infection, health, age, nutrition, climate

cryotherapy

therapeutic use of cold

cryotherapy

What does ________________ do?
- Reduce inflammation
- Decreases pain
- Vasoconstriction

cryotherapy

examples of ______________: ice bag, ice cups, cold baths, chemical cold/gel packs

cryotherapy

INDICATIONS of _____________ (when to use): acute injuries, pain, swelling, muscle spasms, inflammation

cryotherapy

CONTRADICTIONS of _____________ (when NOT to use): cold-related allergies, open wounds, cardiovascular problems, cold hypersensitivity, high blood pressure

Thermotherapy

therapeutice use of heat

thermotherapy

examples of _____________: moist heat pack, warm bath

thermotherapy

what does ____________ do? promote vasodilation, used after initial inflammation response

thermotherapy

INDICATIONS of ________________: chronic inflammatory conditions, joing contracture, tightened tissue, chronic pain, chronic muscle spasm, in preparation for exercise

thermotherapy

CONTRADICTIONS of ______________: acute injuries (early stages), areas with sensory deficits, areas with circulation deficits, areas over tumors

NSAIDS

________ (pharmologic agents) interfere with some aspect of the inflammatory process - reducing swelling or pain, stands for Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

NSAIDS

what do _________ do? Block specific reactions in the inflammatory process, some research shows that they don't allow body to go through healing process that body needs

rehabilitation

purpose of ____________: therapeutic exercises are concerned with restoring normal body function after injury

short, long

diff between ______ vs. ______ term goals: ______ term goals help achieve _______ term goals

preoperative exercise phase

preoperative exercise phase -Only applies to those requiring surgery
-The stronger going in to surgery = the stronger you come out of surgery
-Decreases recovery time
-By allowing inflammation to subside before surgery, one can increase strength, flexibility, endurance and neuromuscular control, the athlete may be better prepared to continue rehab after surgery

Acute Inflammatory Phase

Phase 1: -Day 0-4
-Control/clean up damaged tissue, create environment for healing
-Focus of plan: control swelling, manage pain by protection rest, ice, compression and elevation

Fibroblastic repair phase

Phase 2: -Day 4-several weeks
-collagen fibers laid down to form new tissues
-focus of activities: maintain levels of cardio fitness, restore range of motion, restore/increase strength, reestablish neuromuscular control, cryotherapy can be used

Maturation-Remodeling Phase

Phase 3: -Weeks-Months
-New tissue/collagen ribers realigned and strenghthened
-focus of activities: to return back to activity, dynamic activities (functional and sport specific), aput stress and strain on injured structures to increases resiliency, functional testing, thermotherapy used to warm up tissue.

passive exercise

the patient is unable to move independently, therapist does all the work. used to re-establish normal range of motion, reduction of swelling and muscle spasm

Active assisted exercise

athlete makes voluntary effort to move injured area with the assistance of therapist of tool

Active exercise

athlete continues moving injured joing through full ROM, using gravity as resistance, improves strength and confidence

Resistive exercise

use of external resistance applied to joint movements, improves strength

Functional exercise

sport specific movements, functionally prepares athletes and joints to return to activity, exercises shoudl become a permanent component in total training and conditioning.

Abrasion

a scrape on the skin (damage to superficial layer of skin as a result of rubbing or scraping a rough or hard surface.)

Hematoma

blood collected within the skin, muscles, or in a body cavity - Large versions of these can be seen or felt

-itis

ending term for inflammation

Ecchymosis

a discoloration of the skin resulting from bleeding underneath, typically caused by bruising.

edema

swelling as a result of inflammation or abnormal fluid under the skin

contusion

Another word for BRUISE (a traumatic injury from compressing the skins surface).

laceration

a cut or tear in the skin- jagged or irregular, can be deep or superficial

puncture

An injury that is caused by a pointed object that pierces or penetrates the skin.