Edit · PHR - Reasoning -- Chapter 1 Exam

Statement

Can be true or false; makes an assertion.

Nonstatement

Does not have a truth value. (command, question, etc.)

Argument

Premise(s) → inference → conclusion; tries to establish THAT something is the case.

Premise

A statement offered as support/reason for another statement.

Conclusion

The statement the premises are intended to support.

Inference

The reasoning/connection from premise(s) to conclusion.

Assertion

A single statement(claim).

Discourse

A piece of spoken or written communication.

Premise Indication (PI)

introduces a reason.

Conclusion Indicator (CI)

Signals a conclusion.

Explanadum

The statement/fact being explain — WHAT is being explained.

Explanans

The statement(s) doing the explaining — WHAT explains it

Direct Discourse

Uses the speaker's exact words/quotation. Example: Sarah said, "I am tired."

Indirect Discourse

Reports what someone said without quoting their exact words. Example: Sarah said that she was tired.

Explanation

Assumes something is already the case and explains WHY or HOW it occurred.

Implicit

The relationship is not directly stated, but the reader can understand the intended inference. (remember: UNDERSTOOD)

Explicit

The inferential relationship is directly stated. Example: "It is going to rain, so bring an umbrella."