(MANUAL) CHM 1033L Study Guide

Precipitate

A less soluble solid formed in a solution by a chemical reaction (the portion left on the filter paper)

Soluble

Can dissolve in a liquid

Insoluble

CANNOT dissolve in a liquid

Solute

Solvent dissolved into a liquid to create a solution

Solvent

The liquid doing the dissolving

Solution

Homogenous mixture compose of a solute and a solvent

An object SINKS if…

It’s density is GREATER than that of the liquid

An object FLOATS if…

It’s density is LESS than that of the liquid

Metals

To the left

Nonmetals

To the right

Metalloids

Zigzag line

Ionic

Transfer of electrons between metal and non-metal (always dissolves in water)

Covalent

Sharing of electrons between non-metals

Ion

Atoms of elements that have gained or lost one or more electrons by chemical reaction

How is an ion formed?

When a neutral atom gains or loses electrons to become stable

Cation

Positively charged ions due to losing electrons (formed by metals)

Anions

Negatively charged ions due to gaining electrons (formed by nonmetals)

Hydrate

Compound that has water molecules chemically trapped within its crystal structure

Aqueous

Contains water as the solvent liquid

Unsaturated

More solute can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature

Saturated

(Stable solution) no more solute can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature

Supersaturated

(Unstable solution) solvent holds more solute than it would usually hold at any given temperature. Addition of crystal or agitation causes crystallization

Colloidal solution

Large complex molecules dispersed in a solvent, usually cloud y (ex. Starch)

Emulsion

Two immiscible liquids with an emulsifying agent added to keep them from separating

(ex. Oil and water mixed with soap or egg white)

Diffusion

Tendency of solute and solvent molecules to move freely in solution

Osmosis

Passage of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a high concentration of water molecules

(low concentration of dissolved ions and molecules/high concentration of ions and molecules)

What happens to a cell in HYPERTONIC solution?

loses water and shrinks

What happens to a cell in HYPOTONIC solution?

gains water and swells

What happens to a cell in ISOTONIC solution?

Stays exactly the same size

Is water polar or nonpolar?

Polar

Is oil polar or nonpolar?

Nonpolar

Polar dissolves in what type of solutions?

Polar solvents

Nonpolar dissolves in what type of solutions?

Nonpolar solvents

Acids

A compound that produces hydrogen ions when dissolved in water (start with H)

Bases

Form hydroxide ions, OH- when dissolved in water (end in OH)

Lower than 7

Acidic (0 is more acidic than 3)

Higher than 7

Basic (13 is more basic than 8)

7

Neutral

Hydrocarbon

Organic compound made only by hydrogen and carbon (C/H)

Alkane

Hydrocarbon where all carbon atoms are connected by a SINGLE bond

Alkene

Hydrocarbon with at least one carbon-to-carbon DOUBLE bond (C=C)

Alkyne

Hydrocarbon with at least one carbon-to-carbon TRIPE bond

Hydrocarbons (C and H only)

Structure: R-H

Halogen compounds (X= F, CI, Br, I)

Structure: R-X

Alcohols

Structure: R-OH

Aldehydes

See image for structure

Ketones

See image for structure

Ethers

Structure: R-O-R

Carboxylic acid (acidic)

See image for structure

Esters

See image for structure

Amines (basic)

Structure: R-NH2

Automatic hydrocarbons

See image for structure

What two products form a COMBUSTION reaction?

Carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)

What are the chemical properties of ASPIRIN?

Acetylsalicylic acid (C9H8O4)

What does the Tollen’s reagent, KMNO₄, Na₂CO₃ test for?

It tests for adelhydes

What color is the + result? (Tollent’s reagent)

Silver mirror (color)

Photosynthesis

Synthesis in the leaves of green plants (carbohydrates)

6C2+6H2O chlorophyll/water > C6(H2O)6 + 6O2

General formula for carbohydrates

CnH2nOnCn(H2O)n

Monosaccharide

Only one (1) sugar in the molecule

Disaccharide

Two monosaccharides

Polysaccharide

Contains many monosaccharides combined

Aldose

Monosaccharide with an aldehyde functional group

Ketone

Monosaccharide with a ketone functional group

Triose

3 carbons

Tetrose

4 carbons

Pentose

5 carbons

Hexose

6 carbons

Glucose

Chemical found in blood sugar

Maltose

Glucose + glucose

Lactose

Glucose + galactose

Sucrose

Glucose + fructose

Hydrolysis

Process that breaks apart sugars in digestion

what does Benedict’s reagent test for?

Tests for glucose in the blood (Brick-red precipitate)

What is soap (BASIC) made from?

The sodium salt of a fatty acid (fats/oils and a strong base)

Are lipids polar or nonpolar?

Nonpolar

Solubility of a lipid

Insoluble in water (polar solvents). Highly soluble in organic, nonpolar solvents.

Hydrophilic

Loves water

Hydrophobic

Fears water

What are fats made from?

Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

(Sometimes, phosphorus and nitrogen)

Elements in proteins

Hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), carbon (C), and nitrogen (N).

Sometimes Sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), and magnesium (Mg).

Building blocks of proteins

Amino acids

Functions of proteins

• transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

• Catalyze reactions

• Protect the body

• Hormones

• Store energy

• Build body tissues

Essential amino acids

Cannot be synthesized by the body (supplied by dietary intake)

Non-essential amino acids

Can be synthesized by the body

Amino acid’s general structure

See image

What type of bond holds amino acids together?

Peptide bond

Desaturation of a protein

Occurs when the structure is completely altered (physical/biological changes). Chemical composition may remain unchanged.

What structures/bonds are broken during the denaturation of a protein?

Hydrogen or peptide bonds

How can proteins be denatured?

Can be done by disulfide linkages

Biuret

Detects two (2) or more peptide bonds

(Purple color)

Xanthoproteic

Detects benzene ring in proteins (tyrosine, phenylalanine)

(Yellow color)

Millon’s test

Detects protein (white precipitate)