practical exam review

1

nuclear pores

2

chromatin

• uncoiled DNA

• carries instructions for cell functions

3

nucleus

• aka control centre

• contains DNA

4

nucleolus

• location of ribosome production

5

endoplasmic reticulum

• makes phospholipids

• involved in transport & detoxification

6

cytoplasm

• gel like material that holds the cell organelles

7

vacuole

• storage containers

8

golgi apparatus/body

• modify lipids and proteins

• puts substances into vesicles for transport

9

cell membrane

• aka plasma membrane

• external boundary of the cell

• controls how molecules enter & exit the cell

10

vesicles

• act as transport containers

11

lysosome

• holds digestive enzymes

12

mitochondrion

• controls the release of energy from food

• forms ATP

13

centrioles

• used in cell division

• 2 are found in the cell

microvilli

• projections of the cell membrane; increase membrane surface area

cilia

• found on the cell membrane surface

• act in unison to move substances across the cell surface in one direction

antigen of blood type A

A

antibodies in blood type A

anti-B

type A blood can receive…

A; O

type A blood can give to…

A; AB

antigen of blood type B

B

antibodies of blood type B

anti-A

type B blood can receive from…

B; O

blood type B can give blood to…

B; AB

antigen of blood type AB

A & B

antibodies of blood type AB

none

type AB blood can receive from…

AB; A; B; O

type AB blood can give to…

AB

antigen of type O blood

none

antibodies of type O blood

anti-A + anti-B

blood type O can receive from…

O

blood type O can give to…

A; B; AB; O

catalase 2H₂O₂ → H₂O + O₂

enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water & oxygen

hydrogen peroxide

waste product of reactions that occur within the body; can be fatal

phagocytosis

phagocytosis

• taking a larger amount of fluid w/ bacteria or macromolecules in it

• white blood cells use this process

pinocytosis

• taking a small amount of fluid with dissolved substances

endocytosis; receptor mediated

• molecules attach to the receptor proteins on the plasma membrane, and then taken into the cell

exocytosis

• vesicle containing enzymes, wastes, or hormones attaches to the plasma membrane and releases its contents to the exterior

• vesicle membrane becomes part of the membrane

• needs input of energy (ATP)

order of digestive pathway

mouth/pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum), small intestine (jejunum, ileum), large intestine, rectum

hypertonic solution

greater solute concentration, lower solvent concentration than the cell

hypotonic solution

lower solute concentration, greater solvent concentration than the cell

isotonic solution

concentration of solute = concentration of solvent between cell & solution

CH₃−CH(NH₂)−COOH

amino acids

deoxyribose

C₅H₁₀O₂

deoxyribose

C₅H₅N₅

adenine

C₆H₁₂O₆

glucose

Rh factor

another protein found on the surface of the red blood cell that is independent from the anti proteins.

phospholipids

Molecules that contain lipids with a phosphate group at one end

Carbohydrate

monosaccharide