EVOLUTIONARY 1

What region of the world has experienced the highest number of HIV cases?

Sub-Saharan Africa

what region of the world showed the highest increase in new HIV infections between 2010 and 2015?

eastern Europe and central Asia

viral load is generally… in the chronic phase of an HIV infection compared to other stages

Lower

The proofreading ability of reverse transcriptase is generally… compared to DNA polymerase

worse

the failure of AZT as a treatment illustrates the importance of what evolutionary processes in medicine?

natural selection and mutation

In the Dr. Schmidt case, how was the court able to prove that Schmidt infected nurse Trahan?

constructing a phylogeny of HIV strands in the area

The “Delta-32” mutation prevents or reduces HIV infection by

rendering the CCR5 coreceptor non-functional

the global distribution of the Delta-32 mutation suggests that

the current distribution is unlikely to be related to HIV

Darwin read and was influenced by the work of… during his voyage on the Beagle

Lyell

selective breeding provides counter evidence to what principle of special creation?

species were immutable

Archaeoptryx and Tiktaalik provide key examples of

transitional forms

almost all organisms use the same…, providing strong evidence for a common ancestry of all life on earth

codons to describe the same amino acids

in the example of beach mice, what was different about its environment that caused it to diverge from the old field mouse?

the beach has lighter coloration, which lead to selection for a lighter coat color for camouflage

why does the fact that Daphne Major is far from other islands make it a good place to study natural selection in finches?

it limits gene flow

The statement “Natural selection acts on phenotypes, but evolution changes allele frequencies” assumes that:

the trait is heritable

natural selection always favors increased complexity

false

the binomial nomenclature system was first proposed by

Linnaeus

when estimating relatedness for a phylogenetic tree, which of the following is the most useful?

synapomorphy (shared, derived character)

Homoplasy is typically the result of

convergent evolution

which of the following is NOT an advantage of molecular data when compared to morphological data for building phylogenetic trees?

can look at long extinct species

which of the following is an advantage of molecular data when compared to morphological data for building phylogenetic trees?

its a closer look to a genetic basis

can look at more characters

provides better models of how characters evolve

which of the following is NOT one of the three principles of cladistics?

true clades always maximize parsimony

three principles of cladistics

any group of organisms is related by descent from a common ancestor

there is a bifurcating pattern of cladogenesis

change in characteristics occurs in lineages over time

outgroups are commonly used in cladistics to:

represent the ancestral state

a group containing a common ancestor and all of its descendants is

monophyletic

Maximum likelihood analysis calculates

P(Data/Tree)

probability given the data given the tree

Which of the following is the correct equation that underlies the posterior probability in a BMCMC?

P(Tree/Data)= P(Data/Tree)P(Tree)

lkkkkkkkkkkkkkk P(Data)

Molecular clocks assume that molecular change happens at a …. rate

consistent rate

You are shown a graph that shows that a trait changes with the environment for a particular trait. Furthermore, all genotypes have the same slope of change relative to the environment.

phenotypic plasticity is occuring

polyploidy is by far the most common in what group of organisms?

plants

which of the following is NOT a reason why mutation rates are variable?

coding regions have more mutations than non-coding regions

why mutation rates are variable

DNA polymerase varies in error rate

mismatch repair systems vary in effectiveness

some species have higher or lower mutation rates overall

modern methods show that genetic variation in natural population is typically… then was traditionally believed

higher

as a society shifts from monogamy to promiscuity, what do we expect to happen to HIV virulence over time?

virulence will increase

which property of pseudogenes best supports Darwinian evolution?

older pseudogenes are found in a wider variety of organisms than younger ones

some people appear to be genetically resistant to HIV, what makes them resistant to HIV?

they have a genetic mutation that inhibits HIV from fusing with their T cells

which provides the best evidence for the relatedness of life forms?

correspondence among multiple independent data sets

In 2011 you catch 20 males of a lizard species, measure their tails and find 12 with 2” tails, 5 with 2.5” tails and 3 with 3” tails. In 2014, you return and repeat the procedure and find 10 w 2” tails, 8 w 2.5” tails and 2 w 3” tails. Which of these evolutionary tenants have you confirmed?

there is variation among individuals in a population

during a drought in the Galapagos, small, easily eaten seeds become less abundant leaving only large, hard-cased seeds only birds w large beaks can eat. If this drought persists for several years, then what would be expected from natural selection?

More birds with small beaks dying than large-beaked birds, giving way to offspring produced in subsequent generations having a higher percentage of large-beaked birds

homology is the result of

a character shared because of common ancestry

which among the four trees to the right depicts the same pattern of evolutionary relationships?

2 and 4 (look at paper)

which of the following is the correct definition of inversion?

a segment of DNA flipped and reannealed in the opposite direction

the figure to the right shows reaction norms for the amount of pathogens present on 3 insect genotypes across different temperatures. which type of variation is present?

Gene by environment interaction (look a graph)

lines are intertwined

Which of the following is NOT a target cell of HIV?

eosinophil cells

how does HIV enter human immune cells?

by binding to the CCR4 and CD4 cell receptors

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of AZT?

It interferes with reverse transcription by inserting itself in place of thymidine

Why is HAART more effective than AZT for treating HIV?

it targets multiple mechanisms at once to limit risk of resistance

HIV-1 likely arose from…. SIV strains while HIV-2 likely arose from… HIV-2 strains

chimpanzee; Sooty Mangabey

In HIV, selection tends to favor … virulence

intermediate

Which of the following was NOT a principle of Special Creation

continental drift happened rapidly

which of the following is generally credited to the work of Hutton?

the idea of geological change

the work of lamarck has been partially reevaluated in recent years due to advances in understanding of …

epigenetics

where were Darwin’s most important observations made while on the voyage of the Beagle?

Galapagos Islands

Homologous structure provide evidence for… while analogus structures provide evidence for…

common ancestry; convergent evolution

pseudogenes are examples of

vestigial structures

fossil records are important to establishing the concepts of

extinction and succession

what are the closest living relatives of theropods?

birds

which of the following was NOT a geologist whose work influenced our understanding of modern evolutionary biology?

Lamark

Modern radiometric data suggest that the Earth is approximately…

4.5 billion years old

which of the following is NOT one of Darwin’s original four postulates?

mutation is ultimate source of genetic variation

who independently developed the idea of natural selection aside from Darwin?

Wallace

which of the following is the best definition of Darwininan fitness?

the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its environment

which of the following is NOT a reason why measuring heritability is difficult in the Daphne Major finches?

frequent dispersal to other islands

after a drought event, selection favored deep beaks in finches. which of the following is the best explanation for why small beaked finches still exist on the island?

selective pressures are dynamic between years

natural selection acts on… but evolution occurs in …

individuals; populations

natural selection allows individuals to prepare for future environmental changes

false

which of the following is NOT a reason that individuals may engage in apparently altruistic acts

the individuals are doing it for the good of the group as a whole

modern understanding of how traits work were inherited required the synthesis of the work of Darwin and …

Mendel

the field of … is concerned with classifying organisms into groups, while … is concerned with reconstructing evolutionary relationships

taxonomy, phylogeny

Occam’s razor is associated with what method of phylogenetic tree construction?

Maximum parsimony

reptiles are … with respect to birds in current taxonomy

paraphyletic

Distance-Based methods have what notable drawback?

they are susceptible to error associated with homoplasy

which of the following lines of evidence did NOT support a whale+hippo clade within artiodactyls

parsimony of Astragalus evolution

environmental sex determination in Leopard Geckos is an example of what type of inheritance?

Genotype by environment interaction

… mutations are at least twice as common as … in nature

transition; tranversion

A… mutation results in the change of an amino acid sequence while a … mutation does not

nonsynonymous; synonymous

why are gene duplications interesting from an evolutionary perspective?

they free the extra copy from natural selection

In Drosophila, inversion frequencies are linked to

temperature and body size

If Dr.Schmidt had been innocent and had not innoculated his patient/ex-lover/nurse Ms. Trahan with HIV, what would we have seen?

HIV virions in Ms. Trahan would have been phylogenetically distantly related to any virions in any of Dr.Schmidt’s patients

In a sample of cows, there are 3MM and 7Mm, and 10 mm genotypes. What can we calculate from these data?

allele freq. of M allele

genotype freq. of Mm genotype

frequency of heterozygous genotypes

total number of alleles in the population

hair is a/an… with regard to the tree below

autapomorphy (look at chart)

what do the graphs suggest with regard to resistance of HIV?

that a population of HIV virions has evolved resistance to AZT in less than 20 months in

(looks at chart)

which of the following statements is true regarding maximum likelihood methods?

they build trees based on models of evolution