organic chemistry - aldehydes/ketones

suffix of aldehydes

-al

suffix of ketones

-none

What reagent is required to synthesize an aldehyde from a 1 prime alcohol

PCC / CH2Cl2

What reagent is required to synthesize a carboxylic acid from a 1 prime alcohol

CrO3 / dilute acid (H+, H2O)

Oxidizing a 2 prime alcohol with PCC or Jones reagent results in what functional group

alcohol

How would you synthesize a ketone with a benzene ring?

Do Friedel-Craft Acylation (AlCl3 and acid chloride)

Reactions between alcohols and aldehydes/ketones form what type of functional groups?

Describe the mechanism

Hemiacetyls (one alcohol, one ether) and/or acetal (two ethers)

mechanism (to form hemiacetal)

1. activate the carbonyl with catalytic acid to form a fantastic target

2. alcohol attacks the slightly positive carbon

3. proton transfer and form hemiacetal

(to form acetal)

4. protonate the alcohol to form a good leaving group

5. 2nd alcohol attacks target

6. proton transfer and form acetal

what biological molecule contains hemiacetals and acetals?

sugars!!! (Ester linkages)

How to convert hemiacetals and acetals into aldehydes/ketones?

Use H+ and water.

What is an imine and how to form one?

An imine is a temporary latching of an amine onto a ketone (reversible)

Imines form from the reaction between a 1 prime amine and aldehyde/ketone

what is a enamine and how to form one?

Enamines are formed by reacting a 2 prime amine (two carbon chains on nitrogen) with aldehydes/ketones

What step is necessary to form enamine that does not happen in forming an imine, and why?

An E2-like step is necessary in forming an enamine to neutralize the nitrogen.