Normal spinal anatomy

what is the origin of oblique capitus superior

TP of C1

what is the insertion of oblique capitus superior

above nuchal line

what is the action of oblique capitus superior

external and lateral rotation of the head

what is the origin of oblique capitus inferior

SP of C2

what is the insertion of oblique capitus inferior

TP of C1

what is the action of oblique capitus inferior

rotation of C1 on C2

what is the origin of rectus capitus posterior major

SP of C2

what is the insertion of rectus capitus posterior major

lateral nuchal line

what is the action of rectus capitus posterior major

external and lateral rotation of the head

what is the origin of rectus capitus posterior minor

posterior tubercle of C1

what is the insertion of rectus capitus posterior minor

below nuchal line

what is the action of rectus capitus posterior minor

external and lateral rotation of the head

what part of the suboccipital triangle is oblique capitus superior

lateral part

what part of the suboccipital triangle is the oblique capitus inferior

inferior part

what part of the suboccipital triangle is the rectus capitus posterior major

medial part of the triangle

what part of the suboccipital triangle is rectus capitus posterior minor

not part of the triangle

what are the contents of the suboccipital triangle

vertebral artery

suboccipital nerve (C1)

what does the transverse ligament do

holds odontoid process in contact with anterior arch of the atlas

what does the transverse ligament create

pivot joint

what does the transverse ligament maintain

ADI

where does the cruciate ligament extend from

occiput to body of axis (C2)

where does the alar ligament run

sides of dens to occipital condyles

what does the alar ligament do

limit rotation of axis

where is the apical ligament located

apex of dens to anterior aspect of foramen

what does the apical dental ligament do

limit flexion and extension of C2

where is the anterior longitudinal ligament

front of vertebral bodies

from sacrum to axis (C2)

what segments specifically does the anterior longitudinal ligament run between

sacrum to C2 (axis)

where is the anterior atlanto-occipital ligament located

front of vertebral bodies from atlas (C1) to occiput

where is the posterior longitudinal ligament located

back of vertebral bodies from sacrum to axis (C2)

what does the posterior longitudinal ligament do

limit flexion

what is the tectorial membrane

continuation of the PLL

where is the tectorial membrane located

back of vertebral bodies from atlas (C1) to occiput

what does the tectorial membrane do

limit flexion

where is the ligamentum flavum located

lamina to lamina

from sacrum to axis (C2)

where is the posterior atlantoaxial ligament

lamina to lamina from axis (C2) to atlas (C1)

where is the atlantooccipital ligament

lamina to lamina from axis (C1) to occiput

where is the capsular ligament locarted

articular process to articular process from sacrum to occiput

where is the intertransverse ligament

from transverse process to transverse process

where is the interspinous ligament located

middle of one spinous process to middle of next spinous process

where is the supraspinous ligament located

tip of one spinous process to tip of next spinous process

from L/S to T/S

where is the ligamentum nuchae located

tip of one spinous process to tip of next spinous process

C7 to occiput

where are the dentate ligaments

21 ligaments connecting pia to dura along the spinal cord

what specific vertebral segment has the widest transverse diameter of the spinal canal

C1

what specific segments have the largest spinal cord enlargement

C6

T12

what is the conus medullaris

the end of the spinal cord

L1/L2

where does the spinal cord end

L1/L2

where is the dural sac located

L2-S2

does the dural sac contain spinal cord

no just cauda equina

what is the cauda equina

roots of the lumbar and sacral spinal nerves that form a bundle

what is the filum terminale

fibrous band that extends from conus medullaris to coccyx

what is the inner portion of the filum terminale

pia mater

what is the pia mater

continuation of the spinal cord

what is the middle layer of the filum terminale

arachnoid mater

what is the outer layer of the filum terminale

dura mater

what is the dura mater

meninges

what is the anterior boundary of the IVF

disc and vertebral body

what is the posterior boundary of the IVF

articular facet/pillar

what is the superior boundary of the IVF

pedicle or vertebral notch

what is the inferior boundary of the IVF

pedicle or vertebral notch

what is the direction of all superior facets

posterior and superior

what is the direction of the cervical inferior facets

anterior, inferior, lateral

(AIL)

what is the direction of the thoracic inferior facets

anterior, inferior, medial

(AIM)

what is the direction of the lumbar inferior facets

anterior, inferior, lateral

(AIL)

what is the median sacral crest

fusion of spinouses

what is the medial (intermediate) sacral crest

fusion of articular pillars

what is the lateral sacral crest

fusions of transverse processes

what is sacralization

L5 is fused with the sacrum

what is lumbarization

S1 does not fuse to the sacrum

extra lumbar vertebrae

what kind of curves are in the cervical spine

secondary

what kind of curves are in the thoracic spine

primary

what kind of curves are in the lumbar spine

secondary

what kind of curves are in the sacrum

primary

what is the body shape of cervical vertebrae

circular

what is the body shape of thoracic vertebrae

heart

what is the body shape of lumbar vertebrae

kidney

what is the canal shape of cervical vertebrae

triangular

what is the canal shape of thoracic vertebrae

oval/circular

what is the canal shape of lumbar vertebrae

triangular

trefoil

what is the primary movement for cervical vertebrae

rotation

what is the primary movement of thoracic spine vertebrae

rotation

what is the main movement of lumbar spine vertebrae

flexion

what is the secondary movement of the cervical spine

extension

what is the secondary movement of the thoracic spine

flexion

what is the main movement of the lumbar spine

rotation

what do ribs 1-7 articulate with

sternum

what do we call ribs 1-7

true ribs

what do ribs 8-10 articulate with

costocartilage of 7th rib

what are ribs 11 and 12

floating ribs

what are the atypical ribs

1

2

10

11

12

why is rib 1 atypical

shorter and wider

1 facet for articulation

2 grooves (subclavian vein and artery)

scalene tubercle

why is rib 2 atypical

2 facets

superior and inferior for articulation with T1 and T2

tuberosity for serratus anterior attachment

why is rib 10 atypical

1 facet for articulation with T10

why are ribs 11 and 12 atypical

floating ribs

1 facet for articulation with T11 and T12

what are the atypical thoracic vertebra

T1

T9

T10, T11, T12

why is T1 an atypical vertebra

superior whole costal rib facet

inferior costal demifacet

why is T9 an atypical vertebra

superior costal demifacet

why are T10, T11, and T12 atypical vertebra

one whole costal facet

what articulates with the tubercle of a rib

transverse processes

where is a radiate ligament located

head of rib to body of vertebra

where is the interarticular ligament located

front of rib to body of vertebra