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27 Terms

1
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What are the three levels of Kohlberg’s moral development?

Preconventional (obedience/punishment, individualism/exchange)

2
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Define Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order in Kohlberg’s theory.

Obeying laws and rules to maintain societal order; moral reasoning focuses on duty and respecting authority even if personally costly.

3
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List Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development.

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational.

4
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What is object permanence and when does it develop?

Understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight; develops in Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years).

5
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What is egocentrism in the preoperational stage?

Difficulty seeing things from others’ perspectives; common in children aged 2-7.

6
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What cognitive abilities emerge in the Formal Operational stage?

Abstract thinking, hypothetical reasoning, deductive logic.

7
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What are the three stages of GAS?

Alarm (fight/flight activation), Resistance (adaptation), Exhaustion (resource depletion).

8
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What happens physiologically during the Alarm stage?

Release of adrenaline and cortisol; increased heart rate, respiration, blood flow to muscles.

9
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Name three positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech/behavior.

10
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Name three negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

Flat affect, alogia (reduced speech), avolition (lack of motivation).

11
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What brain abnormalities are commonly found in schizophrenia?

Enlarged ventricles, reduced gray matter, decreased overall brain volume.

12
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What are the three main processes of memory?

Encoding (processing info), Storage (maintaining info), Retrieval (accessing info).

13
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What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory?

Explicit is conscious (episodic, semantic); implicit is unconscious (procedural, priming).

14
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Give an example of episodic memory.

Remembering your first day at school.

15
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What is procedural memory?

Memory of skills/tasks performed automatically, like riding a bicycle.

16
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List three common barriers to treatment adherence.

Cultural beliefs conflicting with treatment, low health literacy, financial constraints.

17
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How can health literacy affect treatment adherence?

Difficulty understanding medical instructions leads to poor compliance.

18
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What are three methods used to confirm mental health diagnosis?

Clinical interviews, psychological tests (standardized questionnaires), brain scans (MRI).

19
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Name three ways CBT helps people with PTSD.

Restructures negative trauma-related thoughts, gradual exposure to avoided memories/situations, teaches coping strategies like relaxation.

20
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What are two symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder?

Emotional instability, fear of abandonment.

21
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Define a key trait of Paranoid Personality Disorder.

Distrust and suspicion of others’ motives.

22
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What is a primary feature of Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)?

Preoccupation with orderliness and control.

23
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What are central symptoms of DMDD?

Frequent intense temper outbursts and chronic irritability lasting more than 1 year.

24
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List Kubler-Ross’s five stages of grief.

Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance.

25
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Why is adherence to treatment important?

Prevents illness worsening, improves quality of life, avoids drug resistance, speeds recovery, and reduces healthcare costs.

26
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Define psychological and environmental stressors with examples.

Psychological: internal conflicts (anxiety about exams); Environmental: physical surroundings (noise, crowding).

27
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Differentiate emotional and problem-focused coping.

Emotional coping manages feelings