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biopolar disorder
a psychological disorder characterized by mood swings between states of extreme elation (mania) and depression
Bipolar 1 v Bipolar 2
equally common in men and women
men - start with manic
women - start with depressive
worsen in 1st decade, less frequent after 20 years
high suicide attempt rate
cognitive-specificity hypothesis
the belief that different emotional disorders are linked to particular kinds of automatic thoughts
cognitive triad of depression
the view that depression derives from adopting negative views of oneself, the environment or world at large and the future
cyclothymic disorder
a mood disorder characterized by a chronic pattern of less severe mood swings than are found in bipolar disorder
double depression
concurrent major depressive disorder and dysthymia
hypomania
a relatively mild state of mania
episodes must persist at least 4 days, shorter than manic
learned helplessness
theory of depression
a behavior pattern characterized by passivity and perceptions of lack of control, learns to rely on social support
causes further problems, further depression
tied into attributional style, locus of control
major depressive disorder
a severe mood disorder characterized by major depressive episodes
5+ symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning: one of the two - 1) depressed mood, 2) loss of interest or pleasure
mania
a state of unusual elation, energy and activity
manic episode
a period of unrealistically heightened euphoria, extreme restlessness, and excessive activity characterized by disorganized behavior and impaired judgment
mood disorders
psychological disorders characterized by unusually severe or prolonged disturbances of mood
persistent depressive disorder
a chronic type of depressive disorder
postpartum depression (PPD)
persistent and severe mood changes that occur after childbirth
premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
a psychological disorder characterized by significant changes in mood during a woman’s premenstrual period
mood disorders
affect 7% of Americans in any given year
melancholy
Hippocrates
depression
most common psychological disorder
~affects 10-25% of women; 5-12% men
problem-focused coping
efforts to alter the stressful situation itself
emotion-focused coping
managing your emotional response to a situation instead of trying to solve the problem itself.
catecholamine hypothesis
norepinephrine imbalance
depression and pathological elation are direct functions of low and high activity of norepinephrine-containing neurons
(1965)
indolamine hypothesis
1969
the vulnerability to either depression or mania was related to low serotonergic activity
1990 study - no strong evidence of depleted serotonin levels in depression
self-efficacy
an individual's belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments
social
theory of depression
the stressful circumstances of people’s lives
cognitive
theory of depression
negative or maladaptive habits of thinking and ways of interpreting events
diathesis-stress model
person has an underlying biological vulnerability, which is then triggered by stressors in the environment
widely presumed to be genetic
attributional style
the specific ways people explain events, both positive and negative
locus of control
a person's belief about how much control they have over their life
internal v external
too high —> high stress, anxiety that you can’t control everything
interactional theory
theory of depression
at first people receive unconditional support
over time, supporters become angry at lack of progress
leads to rejection, further depression
research supports that social rejection is based more on poor social skills
automatic thought
thoughts that are instantaneous, habitual, and nonconscious
SSRI (Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)
increasing the levels of serotonin in the brain.
cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
a type of psychotherapy in which negative patterns of thought about the self and the world are challenged in order to alter unwanted behavior patterns or treat mood disorders such as depression.
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
a type of depression that occurs at certain times of the year, typically during the fall and winter months when daylight hours are shorter
can be treated with phototherapy
phototherapy
sitting under a broad spectrum light for a long time
depressive episodes
diagnostic criteria similar to those in major depression
manic episode
can take many forms
abnormally, persistenly elevated, expansive or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently goal-directed behavior or energy
severe enough to cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning
bipolar 1
includes one full manic episode
bipolar 2
includes mostly depression with at least one hypomanic episode, but no full manic episode
inhibition
abating or preventing certain impulses from being acted on (e.g., the desire to hit someone in the heat of anger) and enabling the delay of gratification from pleasurable activities.
disinhibition
a lack of self-control or inhibition, leading to impulsive and inappropriate behaviors
biology (bipolar disorder)
mania & depression are reaction to each other
chemistry of brain is self-correcting, but to extreme
problems in inhibition/disinhibition of the pleasure centers of brain
probably inherited - relatives 5x more likely to become afflicted than general public
higher rate for offspring of older fathers
lithium carbonate
alleviates all or most symptoms for 80% of individuals
serious side effects if dosage isn’t precise - damage to heart, kidneys
stabilizes the mood and reduce extremes in behavior by restoring the balance of certain natural substances (neurotransmitters) in the brain.
patients are often not conscientious about taking meds
anticonvulsant meds
also treat depressive episodes
costly, need more research
psychodynamic perspective
depression is based in mourning loss of someone or something to which you had complicated feelings
interpersonal therapy
focuses on identifying problems in relationships and unresolved issues
humanistic perspective
mood disorders occur when people are unable to find meaning and self-fulfillment
loss of self-esteem drives continuing problems
