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Missouri Compromise of 1820

Missouri could join the USA as a slave state if Maine could join as a free state. Furthermore, Congress agreed that in Louisiana Territory brought from France in 1803, there would be no slavery in lands north of latitude 36,30 that were still awaiting statehood; the only exception being Missouri

Economic differences between North and South

North: larger population, industry, business and enterprise, mobility. South: agrarian economy, little industrial production

Free trade vs. tariffs

South supported free trade in order to encourage greater trade (primarily of cotton) with Britain. The North wanted tariffs to protect the new industries being formed in the North against competition with Britain

Cultural differences between North and South

North: formal legal code replaced an informal social code, regional identity based on free labor, liberty, and a more puritanical Christianity. South: need to defend one's "honor" (led to increased duels in South), Southern nationalism based on slavery, chivalry, and a strong Christian faith.

Political issues

Many Southern states and Southern Democrats were anxious to prevent a president/Congress from harming their interests - particularly regarding slavery. Wanted states to retain the right to legislate themselves. States' rights became an issue that divided parties as well as the North and South.

Polk's Part in Causing the Mexican-American War

Texas was annexed by the USA in 1845, causing tension. Polk offered to buy the two northernmost territories of Mexico but was turned down. Then sent US troops beyond the Nueces River, the recognized border between Texas and Mexico, to the Rio Grande. US troops provoked a clash with Mexican forces and war followed. Mexico was invaded the capital taken by US troops, who remained there until a peace treaty was signed.

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

USA gained Upper California and New Mexico, as well as established the Rio Grande as the new boundary between Texas and Mexico. This reduced the size of Mexico by half, and Mexico was paid $15 million. The part of the region that became part of the USA was called the Mexican Cession.

Debate over Mexican Cession

Much of it lay to the south of the dividing line between free and slave states laid down by Missouri Compromise. Some Northerners felt the informal division of power between the two regions was tilting in the South's direction, since those states would likely be slave states. Another factor that caused a split was that since slaves counted for 3/5ths of a person, the North believed the South had 17 more members than it should have.

The Wilmot Proviso

David Wilmot introduced an amendment that stated that slavery was not to be permitted in any land gained from Mexico, whether it was purchased or won in war. It never passed. However, it is seen by some historians to be the "beginning of a path which led almost inevitably to sectional controversy and civil war."

Events leading up to Compromise of 1850

Continuing slave trade in Washington, D.C. The flight of fugitive slaves from slave states to free states. Though the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 stated federal officials had a duty to help return fugitive slaves, by 1848, 12 Northern states had passed more than 40 personal liberty laws aiming to counter the 1793 Fugitive Slave Act. Developed the Underground Railroad.

Compromise of 1850

California joined the USA as a free state; New Mexico and Utah could decide their status using popular sovereignty; slave trade was abolished in Washington, D.C.; new Fugitive Slave Act was passed, imposing criminal penalties on anyone interfering with a slave owner's rights to his slaves, and restricted the legal rights of fugitive slaves to a fair trial.

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

Federal officials who did not arrest a known fugitive slave was liable for a heavy fine, those who did arrest them were entitled to a bonus; a slave owner's claim that a slave was a fugitive was sufficient cause for arrest; if arrested, fugitive slaves could not claim trial by jury nor legally represent themselves. This meant many free African-Americans were actually arrested and became slaves, and could not defend themselves. Many prominent Northern abolitionists chose to publicly resist the Fugitive Slave Act.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Publication of this novel in 1852 by Harriet Beecher Stowe centered on the character of African-American slave "Uncle Tom" and exposed the cruel realities of slavery. Weakened the perceived case for slavery and fueled the abolitionist cause.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

Stephen Douglas made it that Nebraska and Kansas (which was below the Missouri Compromise line) would have popular sovereignty. Split the Democratic party in half, and much the same happened to the Whigs. The national party system of the past 30 years was broken by the power of sectional rivalry. Effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, as states could choose to be slave states rather than their free status being assured by federal law due to their geographic position; supported in the South but heavily opposed in the North.

"Bleeding Kansas"

People moved into Kansas territory with great speed in the rush to gain control, although the South had a benefit since Missouri was so close. The first territorial election led to proslavery 'border ruffians' to go "persuade" voters to support Kansas becoming a slave territory after hearing anti-slavery groups were planning to send 20,000 supporters to vote. The election resulted in a pro-slavery victory, but anti-slavery group held their own illegal election, wrote their own constitution that banned slavery, and elected a new governor and legislature. The result was a local vici war between the two governments in which over 200 people died. Warning of things to come.

Formation of the Republican party

Northern Whigs, Northern Democrats, and the Free Soil Party joined together between 1854 and 1856 to form the Republican party, united by opposition to slavery. The electorate and parties were dividing along sectional lines. Mutual misunderstandings grew about the aims and intentions of both sides. There was much talk of secession, mainly in the South.

The Dred Scott case

Dred Scott was a slave who lived in free territories as well as in a slave stare. He went to the court to gain US citizenship. The ruling of Dred Scott vs. Sandford was that Scott had no right to be a US citizen, he was bound by the laws of the slave state he had left, and Congress had no authority to limit slavery to certain parts of the USA, making the 1820 Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. Delighted the South and angered the North.

The Lincoln-Douglas debates

Republicans like Lincoln were united in their opposition to the Supreme Court ruling, but Democrats like Douglas were divided. The compromise he came up with during the debates with Lincoln was the Freeport Doctrine. It stated that the people of a state or territory should have the right to votes for its slave or free status, and they should be able to refuse any legislation that went against this decision. Furthermore, the pro-slavery legislation in Kansas was pushed through by Southern Democrats but not Northern ones - splitting the party massively. The Senate refused to agree to Kansas's request for statehood until 1861, where it entered as a free state.

Harpers Ferry 1859

John Brown, an abolitionist, led men to attack the US army's munitions depot in Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Hoped the seizure of weapons would encourage blacks in the area to rise in support and cause an uprising, although no uprising occurred. The local militia regained control of the town, killed eight of Brown's men, and arrested the others.

Reaction to Harpers Ferry

Brown received considerable public sympathy, as he showed great dignity and courage in the last few weeks before he was hanged. People in the North and West displayed a strong emotional reaction to his execution. In the South, however, the raid on Harpers Ferry confirmed their worst fears about the Northern abolitionist threat to slavery. Visitors to the South thought to be abolitionists risked being whipped, tarred and feathered, or hanged.

Lincoln's Election

The Republican convention had been held in Chicago, Illinois. Lincoln being from Illinois helped him in this election. He was also known for his 1858 debates with Douglas, where he had been very effective. The Democratic party split - one side nominated Douglas and the other nominated John C. Breckinridge. The Constitutional Party elected John Bell. Lincoln vs. Douglas in North, Breckinridge vs. Bell in South. After Lincoln won basically carried by only Northern votes with few Southern ones, the South believed he would certainly outlaw slavery. They acted immediately rather than wait for his inauguration.

The Secession of the South 1860-61

South Carolina was the first state to secede in 1860, followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas in 1861. Secession had an average vote of 80% in favor. Another four states - Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Virginia - left the Union once the fighting started in the spring. However, the four slave states closest to the North - Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware - stayed in the Union. The northern half of Virginia broke away to form West Virginia, which remained in the Union.

Forming the Confederacy

Jefferson Davis was appointed provisional president of the Confederacy. They created a constitution mirroring the US Constitution, except it protected the right of slavery. The Confederacy adopted its own flag, sharpening the South's sense of a separate identity.

Fort Sumter

Fort Sumter was a federal fort in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. When South Carolina seceded, local forces demanded the US troops abandon their positions and surrender the fort. After some delay, Lincoln decided that he would send an unarmed naval force to resupply Fort Sumter, as the garrison was running out of food. In response, Davis ordered that Sumter either surrender or be taken by force. The fort's commander, Robert Anderson, refused to surrender, and in response Confederate forces began to pound Sumter with artillery fire. Anderson surrendered the fort the next today, and the outraged North was provoked into action. Lincoln issued a call to arms, and announced a naval blockade of the Confederate states. This marked the beginning of the Civil War.

Who wrote the Missouri Compromise of 1820?

Henry Clay

When was the Missouri Compromise written?

1820

What states were involved in the Missouri Compromise?

Missouri and Maine

What territory was the line drawn through in the Missouri Compromise?

Louisiana Territory

What act combated the Missouri Compromise?

Kansas Nebraska Act

When was the Wilmont Proviso written?

1846

Was the Wilmont Proviso passed?

no

President Jackson asked Congress to pass a law granting

the federal government the ability to use

military force to compel South Carolina to accept and follow the law.

What was the purpose of the Wilmont Proviso?

To ban the extension of slavery

What party does the Wilmont Proviso build a foundation for?

Republican party

Who signed the treaty of Guadalupe hidalgo?

Nicholas Trist

When was the treaty of Guadeloupe hidalgo signed?

1848

What was the purpose of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

to end the Mexican American war

What makes the Missouri Compromise unfair?

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

What leads to the civil war, Kansas Nebraska Act, and the Compromise of 1850?

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

When was the Compromise that meant to settle slavery a second time written?

1850

Who wrote the Compromise of 1850?

Henry Clay

What state entrance arrises the Compromise of 1850?

California

What was the Compromise of 1850 meant to do?

settle slavery and avert the dissolution of the Union

What was the Fugitive Slave Act a part of?

The Compromise of 1850

What did the Fugitive Slave Act do?

slaves will be returned to their owners from all territories

When was the Fugitive Slave Act put into place?

1850

What is another name for Uncle Tom's Cabin?

Life Among the Lowly

When was Uncle Tom's Cabin written?

1852

Who wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin?

South Carolina declared the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void. It also stated that South Carolina would secede if the federal government used force to make them comply.

What is Uncle Tom's Cabin about?

This tariff provided a significant reduction in the tariff of 1832 over the next ten years.

Where was Uncle Tom's Cabin highly praised?

North

Who sponsored the Kansas Nebraska Act?

Douglas

When was the Kansas Nebraska Act put into place?

1854

What was written through popular sovereignty?

Kansas Nebraska Act

What 4 states does the Kansas Nebraska Act effect?

Utah, New Mexico, Kansas, Nebraska

What does the Kansas Nebraska Act combat?

Missouri Compromise

When was the Republican Party formed?

1854

When was the Dred Scott decision made?

1857

Who was Dred Scott in Scott v Sanford?

slave who resided in a free state

What was the name of the Dred Scott decisions official name?

Scott v Sanford

What was the final decision in Scott v Sanford?

blacks could not nor never be equal or citizens of the US

The Alamo

two-week siege from Texas settlers in Spanish mission “the alamo” that ended in the storming of the Alamo and more than 180 defenders died, including William Travis, Jim Bowie, and Davy Crockett.

What campaign was the Lincoln Douglas Debates for?

Illinois

What was the main topic of the Lincoln Douglas Debates?

slavery

What year did the Lincoln Douglas Debates take place?

1858

Who was the main person in the raid on Harpers Ferry?

John Brown

When was the raid on Harpers Ferry?

1859

Santa Anna is Defeated

Where: San Jacinto

Why: massacres at the Alamo and at Goliad united Texans

How: Forces of Santa Anna were taken by surprise

Texas Declares Independence

When: 1836

What: New country, president Sam Houston

James K. Polk

Who: Democrat ran in 1844

Platform: western expansion

Mexican-American War

Led by General Winfield Scott, U.S. troops eventually invade Mexico City in September, 1847

Polk instigated a fight with Mexican forces along the Rio Grande River in May 1846

Implications of the Wilmot Proviso

Southern-dominated Senate blocked the bill

The Proviso deepened the growing divide between pro-slavery southern Democrats and anti-slavery northern Democrats.

Lecompton Constitution

the second of four proposed state constitutions of Kansas. It was drafted by pro-slavery supporters in 1857 and sought to establish Kansas as a slave state. Did not pass

Kansas Admission

Initially fraught with conflict between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions. It ultimately became a free state in 1861 after significant political turmoil.