Chem semester 2 final studying

Ionic bond properties

dissolve in water, conduct electricity when dissolved, brittle solid, made of metal and nonmetal atoms bonded, metal atoms give up their valence electrons to nonmetal atoms

Molecular covalent properties

some dissolve in water some do not, do not conduct electricity, some are liquids or gases, made entirely of nonmetal atoms, valence electrons shared between some atoms. This creates small stable units within the substance

Metallic bond properties

do not dissolve in water, conduct electricity, bendable and hard solids, made entirely of metal atoms. Valence electrons freely move throughout substance

Network covelant

do not dissolve in water, do not conduct electricity, extremely hard solids, made of entirely nonmetal and metalloid atoms. Valence electrons connect atoms with each other in all directions like grid

6 electron pairs on central atom hybridization

sp³d²

5 electron pairs on central atom hybridization

sp³d

4 electron pairs on central atom hybridization

sp³

3 electron pairs on central atom hybridization

sp²

2 electron pairs on central atom hybridization

sp

VSEPR look over

X

ionic bond difference in EN

greater than 1.7

non polar covalent difference in electronegativity

0-0.4

polar covalent difference in electronegativity

0.5-1.7

redox reaction

one or more electrons are transferred

species that is reduced

gains electrons

species that is oxidised

loses electrons

volume of one mole of gas at STP

22.5 L at 1 atm, 0 degrees celcius

avagadros number

6.022×10²³ particles per mole

percent yield

mass obtained/mass expectedx100

percent error

(experimental-expected/expected)

Solubility rule 1

NH3+ and group one soluble

Solubility rule 2

NO3-, CH3COO-,ClO4- soluble

solubility rule 3

Pb(2+ and 4+), Ag, Hg(2+), insoluble

Solubility rule 4

soluble- Cl, I, Br,

Solubility rule 5

insoluble, soccph- S-, O-, CO3-2, CrO4-2, PO4-3, OH- (group II Chromates except for Barium chromate are soluble, group II hydroxides except for MgOH are soluble)

Solubility rule 6

Sulfates are soluble except for Ca, Sr, Ba,

making bonds…

releases energy

breaking bonds

requires energy

formula using bond energy table

bonds broken minus bonds formed